Difference in between males and females. Participants described their parent’s marital status as 62 married, 7 single, 19 divorced, and 12 separated. When living at household, 78 of participants reported living with their mothers, 68 living with fathers, 13 living with grandparent(s), and 11 living with a further relative. A total of 72 self-identified as members of the Yup’ik Alaska Native cultural linguistic group, followed by Inupiat (21 ), Athabaskan (11 ), Aleut/Alutiq (six ), and Tlingit/Haida (4 ). Some folks identified with two or far more ethnic categories. Measures Item pool Adult Self-Mastery: Pearlin et al. (1981) initially developed the Mastery scale as an adult measure of individual sense of manage in overcoming life troubles. The scale consists of seven things rated on a four-point Likert-type scale, assessing the extent to which individuals perceive themselves as obtaining manage more than the situations that affect their lives. Representative things involve “I can do just about anything I definitely set my thoughts to,” and “What happens to me in the future largely depends on me.” Internal consistency reported by Hobfoll, Jackson, et al. (2002) was = .72. Adult Communal Mastery: The Communal Mastery scale (Jackson, McKenzie, Hobfoll, 2000) can be a 10-item measure itself initially adapted from the Mastery Scale (Pearlin et al., 1981) and also the Self-Efficacy Scale (Schwarzer, 1993) to measure coping techniques from a more collectivist orientation. Representative products involve “Working with each other with household and buddies I can TP-3654 resolve many complications I have,” and “What takes place to me within the future depends on my capability to function nicely with other individuals,” to which men and women respond on a fourpoint Likert scale. Internal consistency for this scale was = .74 (Hobfoll, Jackson, et al., 2002). We adapted these mastery measures for youth. Validity measures Youth Community Support: The Youth Community Assistance scale is usually a three-item subscale adapted in the People’s Awakening Yup’ik Protective Aspects scale for adults (Allen et al., 2006). The Youth Community Support scale taps youth perceptions regarding the presence and extent of assistance as a protective components offered to young people from the community in general, outside of household and friendship. Representative things include “People PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2105157 assistance me” and “People are out there to me for assistance.”NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptPsychol Assess. Author manuscript; accessible in PMC 2013 June 01.Fok et al.PageReligious Involvement: Youth’s level of involvement with formal religion was assessed through two things. On 1 item the youth rated the value of church in their life as not at all, somewhat, or genuinely critical, and on a second item, youth rated church attendance through among five radio buttons, as less than after a year, 1? times a year, 1? occasions a month, 3? times a month, or no less than after a week. Alaska Native Cultural Identification: The Alaska Native Cultural Identification scale is definitely an eight-item scale adapted in the item set from the Orthogonal Cultural Identification scale (Oetting Beauvais, 1990?991), a system of assessment of bicultural identities among ethnic minority youth. The Alaska Native Cultural Identification scale makes use of two item stems, worded using descriptors our focus group work found locally understandable: “How a great deal you live by or follow the [Native/White American] way of life?” and “How substantially do you speak [Native language/English]?” Since.