. [60] have used both anaesthesia techniques. GA, general anaesthesia. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156448.gPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0156448 May 26,31 /Anaesthesia Management for Awake Craniotomyintraoperative seizures and their PD98059 chemical information consequences [10,17?9,31?9,42?4,47,49?5,57?0,62]. The total number of U0126 site performed AC procedures in these studies was 4942 and 351 (7.1 ) intraoperative seizures were reported (Table 4). Only twenty-three (0.5 ) intraoperative seizures led to a failure of AC, but they were resolved without any serious problems and the surgery was continued in GA [33,34,42,43,55,57]. Interestingly, the AAA technique showed a high proportion of eight seizures in fifty AC procedures, but only one led to AC failure due to required intubation [33]. Intraoperative seizures were more common in younger patients and those with a history of seizures [31,42]. A meta-analysis was performed for thirty-four studies, [10,17?6,28,29,32,34?39,43,47,49?5,57?0,62], which used the MAC and SAS technique, excluding the duplicate studies from Tel Aviv [31,42] and Glostrup [27,44]. Meta-analysis showed an estimated proportion of seizures of 8 [95 CI: 6?1] with substantial heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 75 ) (Fig 4). In the meta-regression analysis, the techniques used did not explain the differences in the studies (QM < 0.001, df = 1, p = 0.983). The OR comparing SAS to MAC technique was 1.01 [CI95 : 0.52?.88]. Postoperative neurological dysfunction (new/ late). Description of particular postoperative neurological dysfunctions differed significantly in the included studies. Therefore we have subsumed all kinds of new neurological dysfunctions under these superordinate two outcome variables. Of note, we did not include data of patients with deterioration of a pre-existing neurological dysfunction. Twenty-nine studies [10,18,19,23,24,28,29,31,33?5,37,38,40?43,48,49,51?5,57?9,61,62] reported new postoperative neurological dysfunctions after 565 (14.0 ) of totally 4029 AC procedures. A later follow up result (six months) was provided for 279 of these patients with new neurological dysfunction. It showed a persistent neurological dysfunction in 64 patients. Of note, late neurological outcome after six months was reported in only seventeen studies comprising 2085 AC procedures in total. Considering twenty-six studies [10,18,19,23,24,28,29,34,35,37,38,40,41,43,48,49,51?5,57?9,61,62], which were reasonable included in our meta-analysis, the proportion of new neurological dysfunction was estimated to be 17 [95 CI: 12?3], with a high heterogeneity (I2 = 90 ) (Fig 5). Meta-regression analysis did not reveal a difference depending on the anaesthesia technique (MAC/ SAS) (QM = 1.52, df = 1, p = 0.217), with an OR of 1.66 [95 CI: 1.35?.70]. Furthermore, there is a large proportion of residual heterogeneity (QE = 187.55, df = 24, p < .0001), which cannot be explained by the applied anaesthesia technique. However, it has to be noted that there are only six studies available in the SAS group. Other adverse events/outcomes. The other extracted adverse events and outcome data are shown in Tables 4 and 5. Mortality was very low with 10 patients (0.2 ) of all forty-four studies comprising 5381 patients, which reported the outcome variable mortality (Table 5). Of note, two deaths include probably duplicate patients [42,43] to the study of Grossman et al. [31]. Furthermore, we have only included deaths within 30 days after surgery in this analysis. Interestingly.. [60] have used both anaesthesia techniques. GA, general anaesthesia. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156448.gPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0156448 May 26,31 /Anaesthesia Management for Awake Craniotomyintraoperative seizures and their consequences [10,17?9,31?9,42?4,47,49?5,57?0,62]. The total number of performed AC procedures in these studies was 4942 and 351 (7.1 ) intraoperative seizures were reported (Table 4). Only twenty-three (0.5 ) intraoperative seizures led to a failure of AC, but they were resolved without any serious problems and the surgery was continued in GA [33,34,42,43,55,57]. Interestingly, the AAA technique showed a high proportion of eight seizures in fifty AC procedures, but only one led to AC failure due to required intubation [33]. Intraoperative seizures were more common in younger patients and those with a history of seizures [31,42]. A meta-analysis was performed for thirty-four studies, [10,17?6,28,29,32,34?39,43,47,49?5,57?0,62], which used the MAC and SAS technique, excluding the duplicate studies from Tel Aviv [31,42] and Glostrup [27,44]. Meta-analysis showed an estimated proportion of seizures of 8 [95 CI: 6?1] with substantial heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 75 ) (Fig 4). In the meta-regression analysis, the techniques used did not explain the differences in the studies (QM < 0.001, df = 1, p = 0.983). The OR comparing SAS to MAC technique was 1.01 [CI95 : 0.52?.88]. Postoperative neurological dysfunction (new/ late). Description of particular postoperative neurological dysfunctions differed significantly in the included studies. Therefore we have subsumed all kinds of new neurological dysfunctions under these superordinate two outcome variables. Of note, we did not include data of patients with deterioration of a pre-existing neurological dysfunction. Twenty-nine studies [10,18,19,23,24,28,29,31,33?5,37,38,40?43,48,49,51?5,57?9,61,62] reported new postoperative neurological dysfunctions after 565 (14.0 ) of totally 4029 AC procedures. A later follow up result (six months) was provided for 279 of these patients with new neurological dysfunction. It showed a persistent neurological dysfunction in 64 patients. Of note, late neurological outcome after six months was reported in only seventeen studies comprising 2085 AC procedures in total. Considering twenty-six studies [10,18,19,23,24,28,29,34,35,37,38,40,41,43,48,49,51?5,57?9,61,62], which were reasonable included in our meta-analysis, the proportion of new neurological dysfunction was estimated to be 17 [95 CI: 12?3], with a high heterogeneity (I2 = 90 ) (Fig 5). Meta-regression analysis did not reveal a difference depending on the anaesthesia technique (MAC/ SAS) (QM = 1.52, df = 1, p = 0.217), with an OR of 1.66 [95 CI: 1.35?.70]. Furthermore, there is a large proportion of residual heterogeneity (QE = 187.55, df = 24, p < .0001), which cannot be explained by the applied anaesthesia technique. However, it has to be noted that there are only six studies available in the SAS group. Other adverse events/outcomes. The other extracted adverse events and outcome data are shown in Tables 4 and 5. Mortality was very low with 10 patients (0.2 ) of all forty-four studies comprising 5381 patients, which reported the outcome variable mortality (Table 5). Of note, two deaths include probably duplicate patients [42,43] to the study of Grossman et al. [31]. Furthermore, we have only included deaths within 30 days after surgery in this analysis. Interestingly.

St and philosopher Herbert Spencer in developing a system of hierarchy of psychological functions, each of these ICG-001 molecular weight functions having a different “coefficient of reality.” In Janet’s view, an individual could potentially have a large amount of mental energy but be unable to use this within the higher mental functions. With high “psychological tension,” however, he could concentrate and unify psychological phenomena,8. See also: TNA, FD2/20, Report of the Medical Research Council for the year 1933?4, London: HMSO (1935), p. 105. 9. TNA, FD6/3, Medical Research Council Minute Book, January 26, 1927 to June 19, 1936, October 26, 1934, it. 163.JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES DOI 10.1002/jhbsORGAN EXTRACTS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHIATRYthus, engaging in the highest function that of reality (Janet Raymond, 1903; Ellenberger, 1970, pp. 61?37; Valsiner Veer, 2000). Hoskins and Sleeper used this theory to explain the mental changes which followed from thyroid treatment arguing that vital drives and mental energy were altered through endocrine interventions which enabled patients to ABT-737MedChemExpress ABT-737 maintain a stable mental state (Hoskins Sleeper, 1929a). In 1938, Brazier published two articles in the Journal of Mental Science in conjunction with Russel Fraser, a Maudsley physician with a strong interest in endocrinology, and William Sargant, a Maudsley doctor and researcher who had trained with Edward Mapother and was a staunch advocate of physical treatments in psychiatry. These articles referenced Hoskins and Sleeper’s thyroid treatments but critiqued their reliance on psychological theory as a justification for their effectiveness. They claimed that “numerous workers have experimented with thyroid treatment in mental disorder” but these treatments had not been measured effectively (Sargant, Fraser, Brazier, 1938). Instead of relying upon psychological theory, they proposed recording electrical activity in the patient’s body as a measure of the efficacy of thyroid in treating mental illnesses. They claimed that thyroid could be useful in a range of illnesses such as: cases of recurrent katatonic excitement or stupor, cases of acute schizophrenia which exhibit a marked additional depressive component, and cases of depression which form part of a manic-depressive psychosis, or exhibit some depersonalisation, mild confusional features or retardation. Their interest in the depressive aspects of schizophrenia and the psychotic aspects of depression help to explain why they considered it possible to treat schizophrenia and psychosis with thyroid extract. In 1939, Golla took up a new position as director of the newly established Burden Neurological Institute (BNI) in Frenchay, Bristol. The institute was a private charity and Golla had considerable freedom to pursue his own research agenda. He recruited a team of young researchers (including Grey Walter who had worked at the Central Pathological Laboratory) specializing in electrophysiology and endocrinology (Hayward, 2004). By the outbreak of the Second World War, endocrine treatments had become significantly less popular among Maudsley psychiatrists. In their textbook, An Introduction to Physical Methods of Treatment in Psychiatry, Sargant and Eliot Slater, who had served as a medical officer at the Maudsley Hospital from 1931 and worked at Sutton Emergency Hospital during the war, took a critical line (Sargant Slater, 1944, pp. 128?34). They argued that hormones should not be used to trea.St and philosopher Herbert Spencer in developing a system of hierarchy of psychological functions, each of these functions having a different “coefficient of reality.” In Janet’s view, an individual could potentially have a large amount of mental energy but be unable to use this within the higher mental functions. With high “psychological tension,” however, he could concentrate and unify psychological phenomena,8. See also: TNA, FD2/20, Report of the Medical Research Council for the year 1933?4, London: HMSO (1935), p. 105. 9. TNA, FD6/3, Medical Research Council Minute Book, January 26, 1927 to June 19, 1936, October 26, 1934, it. 163.JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES DOI 10.1002/jhbsORGAN EXTRACTS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHIATRYthus, engaging in the highest function that of reality (Janet Raymond, 1903; Ellenberger, 1970, pp. 61?37; Valsiner Veer, 2000). Hoskins and Sleeper used this theory to explain the mental changes which followed from thyroid treatment arguing that vital drives and mental energy were altered through endocrine interventions which enabled patients to maintain a stable mental state (Hoskins Sleeper, 1929a). In 1938, Brazier published two articles in the Journal of Mental Science in conjunction with Russel Fraser, a Maudsley physician with a strong interest in endocrinology, and William Sargant, a Maudsley doctor and researcher who had trained with Edward Mapother and was a staunch advocate of physical treatments in psychiatry. These articles referenced Hoskins and Sleeper’s thyroid treatments but critiqued their reliance on psychological theory as a justification for their effectiveness. They claimed that “numerous workers have experimented with thyroid treatment in mental disorder” but these treatments had not been measured effectively (Sargant, Fraser, Brazier, 1938). Instead of relying upon psychological theory, they proposed recording electrical activity in the patient’s body as a measure of the efficacy of thyroid in treating mental illnesses. They claimed that thyroid could be useful in a range of illnesses such as: cases of recurrent katatonic excitement or stupor, cases of acute schizophrenia which exhibit a marked additional depressive component, and cases of depression which form part of a manic-depressive psychosis, or exhibit some depersonalisation, mild confusional features or retardation. Their interest in the depressive aspects of schizophrenia and the psychotic aspects of depression help to explain why they considered it possible to treat schizophrenia and psychosis with thyroid extract. In 1939, Golla took up a new position as director of the newly established Burden Neurological Institute (BNI) in Frenchay, Bristol. The institute was a private charity and Golla had considerable freedom to pursue his own research agenda. He recruited a team of young researchers (including Grey Walter who had worked at the Central Pathological Laboratory) specializing in electrophysiology and endocrinology (Hayward, 2004). By the outbreak of the Second World War, endocrine treatments had become significantly less popular among Maudsley psychiatrists. In their textbook, An Introduction to Physical Methods of Treatment in Psychiatry, Sargant and Eliot Slater, who had served as a medical officer at the Maudsley Hospital from 1931 and worked at Sutton Emergency Hospital during the war, took a critical line (Sargant Slater, 1944, pp. 128?34). They argued that hormones should not be used to trea.

Her subjects make selfish or pro-social moral choices. Together, these results reveal not only differential Pleconaril solubility neural mechanisms for real and hypothetical moral decisions but also that the nature of real moral decisions can be predicted by dissociable networks within the PFC.Keywords: real moral decision-making; fMRI; amygdala; TPJ; ACCINTRODUCTION Psychology has a long tradition demonstrating a fundamental difference between how people believe they will act and how they actually act in the real world (Milgram, 1963; Higgins, 1987). Recent research (Ajzen et al., 2004; Kang et al., 2011; Teper et al., 2011) has confirmed this intention ehavior discrepancy, revealing that people inaccurately predict their future actions because hypothetical decision-making requires mental simulations that are abbreviated, unrepresentative and decontextualized (Gilbert and Wilson, 2007). This `hypothetical bias’ effect (Kang et al., 2011) has routinely demonstrated that the influence of socio-emotional factors and tangible risk (Wilson et al., 2000) is relatively diluted in hypothetical decisions: not only do hypothetical moral probes lack the tension engendered by competing, order BLU-554 real-world emotional choices but also they fail to elicit expectations of consequencesboth of which are endemic to real moral reasoning (Krebs et al., 1997). In fact, research has shown that when real contextual pressures and their associated consequences come into play, people can behave in characteristically immoral ways (Baumgartner et al., 2009; Greene and Paxton, 2009). Although there is also important work examining the neural basis of the opposite behavioral findingaltruistic decision-making (Moll et al., 2006)the neural networks underlying the conflicting motivation of maximizing self-gain at the expense of another are still poorly understood. Studying the neural architecture of this form of moral tension is particularly compelling because monetary incentives to behave immorally are pervasive throughout societypeople frequently cheat on their loved ones, steal from their employers or harm others for monetary gain. Moreover, we reasoned that any behavioral and neural disparities between real and hypothetical moral reasoning will likely have the sharpest focus when two fundamental proscriptionsdo not harm others and do not over-benefit the self at the expense of others (Haidt, 2007)are directly pitted against one another. In other words, we speculated that this prototypical moral conflict would provide an ideal test-bed to examine the behavioral and neural differences between intentions and actions.Received 18 April 2012; Accepted 8 June 2012 Advance Access publication 18 June 2012 Correspondence should be addressed to Oriel FeldmanHall, MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK. E-mail: [email protected], we used a `your pain, my gain’ (PvG) laboratory task (Feldmanhall et al., 2012) to operationalize this core choice between personal advantage and another’s welfare: subjects were probed about their willingness to receive money (up to ?00) by physically harming (via electric stimulations) another subject (Figure 1A). The juxtaposition of these two conflicting motivations requires balancing selfish needs against the notion of `doing the right thing’ (Blair, 2007). We carried out a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment using the PvG task to first explore if real moral behavior mirrors hypothetical in.Her subjects make selfish or pro-social moral choices. Together, these results reveal not only differential neural mechanisms for real and hypothetical moral decisions but also that the nature of real moral decisions can be predicted by dissociable networks within the PFC.Keywords: real moral decision-making; fMRI; amygdala; TPJ; ACCINTRODUCTION Psychology has a long tradition demonstrating a fundamental difference between how people believe they will act and how they actually act in the real world (Milgram, 1963; Higgins, 1987). Recent research (Ajzen et al., 2004; Kang et al., 2011; Teper et al., 2011) has confirmed this intention ehavior discrepancy, revealing that people inaccurately predict their future actions because hypothetical decision-making requires mental simulations that are abbreviated, unrepresentative and decontextualized (Gilbert and Wilson, 2007). This `hypothetical bias’ effect (Kang et al., 2011) has routinely demonstrated that the influence of socio-emotional factors and tangible risk (Wilson et al., 2000) is relatively diluted in hypothetical decisions: not only do hypothetical moral probes lack the tension engendered by competing, real-world emotional choices but also they fail to elicit expectations of consequencesboth of which are endemic to real moral reasoning (Krebs et al., 1997). In fact, research has shown that when real contextual pressures and their associated consequences come into play, people can behave in characteristically immoral ways (Baumgartner et al., 2009; Greene and Paxton, 2009). Although there is also important work examining the neural basis of the opposite behavioral findingaltruistic decision-making (Moll et al., 2006)the neural networks underlying the conflicting motivation of maximizing self-gain at the expense of another are still poorly understood. Studying the neural architecture of this form of moral tension is particularly compelling because monetary incentives to behave immorally are pervasive throughout societypeople frequently cheat on their loved ones, steal from their employers or harm others for monetary gain. Moreover, we reasoned that any behavioral and neural disparities between real and hypothetical moral reasoning will likely have the sharpest focus when two fundamental proscriptionsdo not harm others and do not over-benefit the self at the expense of others (Haidt, 2007)are directly pitted against one another. In other words, we speculated that this prototypical moral conflict would provide an ideal test-bed to examine the behavioral and neural differences between intentions and actions.Received 18 April 2012; Accepted 8 June 2012 Advance Access publication 18 June 2012 Correspondence should be addressed to Oriel FeldmanHall, MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK. E-mail: [email protected], we used a `your pain, my gain’ (PvG) laboratory task (Feldmanhall et al., 2012) to operationalize this core choice between personal advantage and another’s welfare: subjects were probed about their willingness to receive money (up to ?00) by physically harming (via electric stimulations) another subject (Figure 1A). The juxtaposition of these two conflicting motivations requires balancing selfish needs against the notion of `doing the right thing’ (Blair, 2007). We carried out a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment using the PvG task to first explore if real moral behavior mirrors hypothetical in.

Eated groups.doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073376.ggene acquisition events [80?2]. In contrast to S. aureus, it has been shown that biofilm MG-132 web formation and dispersal by a number of S. epidermidis strains is not sensitive to Proteinase K or other proteases [76,77]. Similar to these results, we found biofilm formation by S. epidermidis strains 1457 and NJ9709 to be insensitive to Proteinase K inhibition and Proteinase K caused little to no detachment in mature biofilms of these strains as well. Extracellular DNA (eDNA) is another component of the biofilm matrix and the structural role of eDNA in promoting biofilm stability is highly variable and dependent on the bacterial species, growth conditions, and age of the biofilm [61,83?6]. We found DNaseI treatment to have a varying effect on both biofilm inhibition and dispersal. Specifically, when DNaseI was added at the time of inoculation, all of the strains tested displayed a range of sensitivity, from little to no effect to strong, nearly complete inhibition of biofilm formation. DNaseI was observed to have varying effects on the dispersal as well, with some strains showing a much higher degree ofsensitivity to this NilotinibMedChemExpress AMN107 enzyme than others. Both inhibition and dispersal by DNaseI seem to vary among S. aureus strains and MLST types indicating that eDNA may be a more significant component in some MLST types of S. aureus than in others. The ST398 strains in particular were the most sensitive to both inhibition of biofilm formation and dispersal of pre-formed biofilms by DNaseI, with a greater reduction in biofilm biomass than other non-ST398 strains, including other swine-origin isolates. The polysaccharide PNAG has been extensively studied as a biofilm matrix component and is a target for the enzyme DspB [52]. PNAG is the product of the icaADBC operon, which is highly conserved among Staphylococcus isolates [87]. Many studies have shown the importance of this polysaccharide in S. epidermidis biofilms, where it is proposed to be the major component of the biofilm matrix, as DspB can inhibit biofilm formation and disperse pre-formed biofilms [59,76,77,88]. However, the role of PNAG in S. aureus biofilms is less clear, as studies have shown that some strains of S. aureus producePLOS ONE | www.plosone.orgSwine MRSA Isolates form Robust BiofilmsFigure 5. Dispersal of established biofilms by Proteinase K. Strains tested are shown along the x-axis and grouped based on methicillin-sensitivity and isolation source. The indicated strains were grown statically for 24 hours to allow biofilm formation. Wells were washed and treated with buffer alone (- Prot. K) or 100 /ml Proteinase K (+ Prot. K) for 2 hours. Biofilm formation was then quantified by standard microtiter assays and measuring the absorbance at 538 nm, plotted along the y-axis. Bars represent the average absorbance obtained from at least 3 independent plates representing biological replicates; error bars represent the SEM. Asterisks (*) denote a p-value less than 0.05 between the treated and untreated groups.doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073376.ghigh levels of PNAG, while others produce little to no PNAG [60]. Additionally, some strains have been shown to be sensitive to biofilm dispersal by DspB whereas other S. aureus strains are unaffected by this enzyme [59] or the compound sodium metaperiodate, which breaks down PNAG via an oxidation reaction [60,89]. Our results show that DspB has little effect on both biofilm formation and dispersal in the S. aur.Eated groups.doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073376.ggene acquisition events [80?2]. In contrast to S. aureus, it has been shown that biofilm formation and dispersal by a number of S. epidermidis strains is not sensitive to Proteinase K or other proteases [76,77]. Similar to these results, we found biofilm formation by S. epidermidis strains 1457 and NJ9709 to be insensitive to Proteinase K inhibition and Proteinase K caused little to no detachment in mature biofilms of these strains as well. Extracellular DNA (eDNA) is another component of the biofilm matrix and the structural role of eDNA in promoting biofilm stability is highly variable and dependent on the bacterial species, growth conditions, and age of the biofilm [61,83?6]. We found DNaseI treatment to have a varying effect on both biofilm inhibition and dispersal. Specifically, when DNaseI was added at the time of inoculation, all of the strains tested displayed a range of sensitivity, from little to no effect to strong, nearly complete inhibition of biofilm formation. DNaseI was observed to have varying effects on the dispersal as well, with some strains showing a much higher degree ofsensitivity to this enzyme than others. Both inhibition and dispersal by DNaseI seem to vary among S. aureus strains and MLST types indicating that eDNA may be a more significant component in some MLST types of S. aureus than in others. The ST398 strains in particular were the most sensitive to both inhibition of biofilm formation and dispersal of pre-formed biofilms by DNaseI, with a greater reduction in biofilm biomass than other non-ST398 strains, including other swine-origin isolates. The polysaccharide PNAG has been extensively studied as a biofilm matrix component and is a target for the enzyme DspB [52]. PNAG is the product of the icaADBC operon, which is highly conserved among Staphylococcus isolates [87]. Many studies have shown the importance of this polysaccharide in S. epidermidis biofilms, where it is proposed to be the major component of the biofilm matrix, as DspB can inhibit biofilm formation and disperse pre-formed biofilms [59,76,77,88]. However, the role of PNAG in S. aureus biofilms is less clear, as studies have shown that some strains of S. aureus producePLOS ONE | www.plosone.orgSwine MRSA Isolates form Robust BiofilmsFigure 5. Dispersal of established biofilms by Proteinase K. Strains tested are shown along the x-axis and grouped based on methicillin-sensitivity and isolation source. The indicated strains were grown statically for 24 hours to allow biofilm formation. Wells were washed and treated with buffer alone (- Prot. K) or 100 /ml Proteinase K (+ Prot. K) for 2 hours. Biofilm formation was then quantified by standard microtiter assays and measuring the absorbance at 538 nm, plotted along the y-axis. Bars represent the average absorbance obtained from at least 3 independent plates representing biological replicates; error bars represent the SEM. Asterisks (*) denote a p-value less than 0.05 between the treated and untreated groups.doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073376.ghigh levels of PNAG, while others produce little to no PNAG [60]. Additionally, some strains have been shown to be sensitive to biofilm dispersal by DspB whereas other S. aureus strains are unaffected by this enzyme [59] or the compound sodium metaperiodate, which breaks down PNAG via an oxidation reaction [60,89]. Our results show that DspB has little effect on both biofilm formation and dispersal in the S. aur.

Ds adequately. Assessors had to determine whether assigning a payee would likely ameliorate the negative consequences of substance use. One participant only spent 60 a month on alcohol and received other drugs in exchange for letting people use his apartment. Even though the amount spent on alcohol was small, the participant’s alcohol use resulted in his discharge from methadone treatment, after which he relapsed on heroin and had subsequent drug-related problems. Another participant reported receiving cocaine in return for helping drug dealers “run customers.” This participant had a long history of legal problems, hospitalizations, and social conflict associated with his drug use and was taking a large risk by working for drug dealers. A third participant spent an average of only 10 per month on alcohol but reported that she would occasionally binge drink, resulting in blackouts, hospitalizations, and legal problems. Capability is fluid over time, which can create ambiguities–Two beneficiaries illustrate how financial capability is a fluid construct. Ambiguities arise depending on whether capability is assessed over a period of time or at one moment in time. In one case, a participant reported a significant period of time in the preceding six months during which he did not have enough money for food and, because he had recently been released from prison, did not have a stable place to live. Ornipressin mechanism of action Subsequently, however, the participant started receiving food stamps and, a few weeks later, was able to find stable living arrangements. Looking at the six month period as a whole, the participant was not meeting basic needs for the majority of the time, but at the time of the interview, the participant’s situation had stabilized and his basic needs were met. Another participant reported stable housing and utilities over the preceding six months, but unstable medications, food and clothing. Her needs were met for the majority of the six-month period but episodic impulsive spending contributed to some financial hardship and unmet needs. Predicting future stability caused ambiguity–For four participants, ambiguities arose over the stability of supports that had helped a participant manage money. In one example, a participant would have failed to meet her basic needs from her Social Security payments but was able to with the intermittent help of her family and in-kind transfers with friends. At the time of the participant interview, the participant reported that she had asked her sister to help manage her affairs. The sister’s intervention was successful. However, because the participant had a history of rejecting help, the assessor felt it was unlikely that the participant would continue to allow her sister to assist, and would continue to managePsychiatr Serv. Litronesib biological activity Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 March 01.Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptLazar et al.Pageher funds poorly. In two other cases, a participant’s mother helped manage the participant’s finances but there was inconsistent control of the funds and uncertainty about whether the beneficiaries would continue receiving help. For a fourth beneficiary, the participant pooled resources with his roommate in a joint bank account. The roommate then paid all the bills. The participant was relatively unaware of his expenses and the assessor had difficulty determining the stability of the roommate arrangement. Discrepancies between sources of data (participant.Ds adequately. Assessors had to determine whether assigning a payee would likely ameliorate the negative consequences of substance use. One participant only spent 60 a month on alcohol and received other drugs in exchange for letting people use his apartment. Even though the amount spent on alcohol was small, the participant’s alcohol use resulted in his discharge from methadone treatment, after which he relapsed on heroin and had subsequent drug-related problems. Another participant reported receiving cocaine in return for helping drug dealers “run customers.” This participant had a long history of legal problems, hospitalizations, and social conflict associated with his drug use and was taking a large risk by working for drug dealers. A third participant spent an average of only 10 per month on alcohol but reported that she would occasionally binge drink, resulting in blackouts, hospitalizations, and legal problems. Capability is fluid over time, which can create ambiguities–Two beneficiaries illustrate how financial capability is a fluid construct. Ambiguities arise depending on whether capability is assessed over a period of time or at one moment in time. In one case, a participant reported a significant period of time in the preceding six months during which he did not have enough money for food and, because he had recently been released from prison, did not have a stable place to live. Subsequently, however, the participant started receiving food stamps and, a few weeks later, was able to find stable living arrangements. Looking at the six month period as a whole, the participant was not meeting basic needs for the majority of the time, but at the time of the interview, the participant’s situation had stabilized and his basic needs were met. Another participant reported stable housing and utilities over the preceding six months, but unstable medications, food and clothing. Her needs were met for the majority of the six-month period but episodic impulsive spending contributed to some financial hardship and unmet needs. Predicting future stability caused ambiguity–For four participants, ambiguities arose over the stability of supports that had helped a participant manage money. In one example, a participant would have failed to meet her basic needs from her Social Security payments but was able to with the intermittent help of her family and in-kind transfers with friends. At the time of the participant interview, the participant reported that she had asked her sister to help manage her affairs. The sister’s intervention was successful. However, because the participant had a history of rejecting help, the assessor felt it was unlikely that the participant would continue to allow her sister to assist, and would continue to managePsychiatr Serv. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 March 01.Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptLazar et al.Pageher funds poorly. In two other cases, a participant’s mother helped manage the participant’s finances but there was inconsistent control of the funds and uncertainty about whether the beneficiaries would continue receiving help. For a fourth beneficiary, the participant pooled resources with his roommate in a joint bank account. The roommate then paid all the bills. The participant was relatively unaware of his expenses and the assessor had difficulty determining the stability of the roommate arrangement. Discrepancies between sources of data (participant.

He frequency of non-stuttered and total disfluencies in both talker groups. Fourth, parental concern about children’s stuttering was significantly associated with frequency of children’s stuttered disfluencies. These findings will be discussed immediately below. Number of disfluencies is not normally distributed–Present findings that frequency distributions of speech disfluencies were non-normal are consistent with earlier Leupeptin (hemisulfate)MedChemExpress Leupeptin (hemisulfate) observations ( Davis, 1939; Johnson et al., 1963; Jones et al., 2006). The distributions of total, stuttered and non-stuttered disfluencies found in the present study conformed best to a negative binomial distribution. This type of distribution can be characteristic of variables that represent count (i.e., discrete) data. This distribution is often used to model theJ Commun Disord. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 May 01.Tumanova et al.Pageoccurrence of relatively rare events, such as, in our case, the number of disfluencies children produce during a conversational sample. As applied to the present speech disfluency data set, negative binomial distribution of frequency of disfluencies signifies that there are more cases of mild stuttering among CWS and fewer cases of severe stuttering. From a data analytic standpoint, the fact that disfluency count data is not-normally distributed suggests that traditional inferential, parametric statistical methods such as ANOVA or ordinary least squares regression are inappropriate for these data. In such cases the mean and variance may not be good descriptors of the central tendency, leading to a potential increase of type 1 error. Going forward, when empirically studying the speech disfluenicies of children who do and do not stutter, it may be more appropriate to employ models that make assumptions that the data actually meet. Generalized linear models (GLM), as used in the present study, allow a choice among several distributions in which the response or dependent variable can have a non-normal distribution (Nelder Wedderburn, 1972). Table 10 presents frequency of disfluencies found in the present study and in previous studies of children who do and do not stutter. Although tempting, it is not possible to make absolute comparisons between the present dataset and other studies that also collected comparably large samples (e.g., Johnson et al., 1959; Yairi Ambrose, 2005; Yaruss, LaSalle, et al., 1998; Yaruss, Max, et al., 1998). This is due to the fact that some of these studies (e.g., Johnson et al., 1959) included children older than the age range of the present study and/or did not report a typically fluent comparison group (e.g., Yaruss, LaSalle, et al., 1998; Yaruss, Max, et al., 1998) and other studies employed a syllable-level measure of frequency (Ambrose Yairi, 1999; Yairi Ambrose, 2005).7 Thus, even though the present findings of mean values of 1.2 stuttered disfluencies per 100 words for CWNS and 9.2 for CWS is close to the mean values of 1.88 for CWNS and 11.5 for CWS reported by Johnson et al. (1959) and the mean value of 10.67 for CWS reported by Yaruss, LaSalle, et al. (1998) readers should be aware that differences in age range of participants and/or measurement methodology render absolute comparisons problematic. Likewise, there are challenges with making Crotaline price direct comparisons between the present relatively large dataset and other smaller datasets, since larger sample sizes generally lead to increased precision when estimating unknown parameters such.He frequency of non-stuttered and total disfluencies in both talker groups. Fourth, parental concern about children’s stuttering was significantly associated with frequency of children’s stuttered disfluencies. These findings will be discussed immediately below. Number of disfluencies is not normally distributed–Present findings that frequency distributions of speech disfluencies were non-normal are consistent with earlier observations ( Davis, 1939; Johnson et al., 1963; Jones et al., 2006). The distributions of total, stuttered and non-stuttered disfluencies found in the present study conformed best to a negative binomial distribution. This type of distribution can be characteristic of variables that represent count (i.e., discrete) data. This distribution is often used to model theJ Commun Disord. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 May 01.Tumanova et al.Pageoccurrence of relatively rare events, such as, in our case, the number of disfluencies children produce during a conversational sample. As applied to the present speech disfluency data set, negative binomial distribution of frequency of disfluencies signifies that there are more cases of mild stuttering among CWS and fewer cases of severe stuttering. From a data analytic standpoint, the fact that disfluency count data is not-normally distributed suggests that traditional inferential, parametric statistical methods such as ANOVA or ordinary least squares regression are inappropriate for these data. In such cases the mean and variance may not be good descriptors of the central tendency, leading to a potential increase of type 1 error. Going forward, when empirically studying the speech disfluenicies of children who do and do not stutter, it may be more appropriate to employ models that make assumptions that the data actually meet. Generalized linear models (GLM), as used in the present study, allow a choice among several distributions in which the response or dependent variable can have a non-normal distribution (Nelder Wedderburn, 1972). Table 10 presents frequency of disfluencies found in the present study and in previous studies of children who do and do not stutter. Although tempting, it is not possible to make absolute comparisons between the present dataset and other studies that also collected comparably large samples (e.g., Johnson et al., 1959; Yairi Ambrose, 2005; Yaruss, LaSalle, et al., 1998; Yaruss, Max, et al., 1998). This is due to the fact that some of these studies (e.g., Johnson et al., 1959) included children older than the age range of the present study and/or did not report a typically fluent comparison group (e.g., Yaruss, LaSalle, et al., 1998; Yaruss, Max, et al., 1998) and other studies employed a syllable-level measure of frequency (Ambrose Yairi, 1999; Yairi Ambrose, 2005).7 Thus, even though the present findings of mean values of 1.2 stuttered disfluencies per 100 words for CWNS and 9.2 for CWS is close to the mean values of 1.88 for CWNS and 11.5 for CWS reported by Johnson et al. (1959) and the mean value of 10.67 for CWS reported by Yaruss, LaSalle, et al. (1998) readers should be aware that differences in age range of participants and/or measurement methodology render absolute comparisons problematic. Likewise, there are challenges with making direct comparisons between the present relatively large dataset and other smaller datasets, since larger sample sizes generally lead to increased precision when estimating unknown parameters such.

Ng seizures. The previous study on the topic16 and indeed qualitative research looking at paramedics practice much more normally (eg,68?0) have recruited from only single websites. Paramedics for this study had been recruited from five unique services and so it can be probably the concerns reported do not relate to isolated, neighborhood concerns, but reflect practice across the country. The outcomes may well also have relevance internationally as countries including the USA, Australia, Canada and New Zealand have similarly organised emergency systems and are also seeking new ways to lessen conveyance prices and ED admissions.11 Potential limitations towards the study involve that it truly is based on the perceptions and experiences of a self-selecting sample of participants, as an alternative to field observations of what the actual barriers are. The study also did not capture the 12 viewpoint of associated solutions providers (eg, urgent care centres, GPs), nor individuals and carers. This would have probably supplied broader insights on many of the things which the paramedics identified as getting important. Strategies Twenty-five breast cancer survivors (12 African-Americans/13 Caucasian) had been interviewed and verbatim transcripts have been created. These transcripts were analyzed with NVivo computer software, and significant recurring themes have been identified. Multiple readers independently verified the outcomes. Benefits Five significant themes emerged: (1) symptom appraisal (e.g. determining if/when symptoms develop into bothersome sufficient to necessitate intervention), (two) sensible barriers (e.g. distance, travel), (three) beliefs concerning the interventions (e.g. fear of needles, dislike of medicines), (4) comfort with clinical trials (e.g. randomization, blinding, placebo), (five) trust and altruism. Breast cancer survivors weighed advantages and fees connected with all the choice to take part in a clinical trial involving acupuncture. Symptom appraisal was weighed against sensible barriers to determine irrespective of whether the prospective rewards outweighed the charges (in time and work) involved. Females also reflected around the nature of the interventions. Some favored acupuncture resulting from issues about taking1 University of Pennsylvania Well being System, Philadelphia, USA Complete list of author information is obtainable in the end on the articleadditional medicines; other people favored medication as a consequence of their worry of needles and/or skepticism about acupuncture’s effectiveness. Ultimately, females have been extra likely to express willingness to take part in a clinical trial if they had some understanding from the purpose of trial design (e.g. randomization, placebo, blinding); suspicions about placebo, blinding and randomization had been barriers to participation. Even so, the presence of trust and altruism mitigated these issues.Conclusion Breast cancer survivors expressed specific attitudes about perceived barriers and facilitators to participating in acupuncture research. Incorporating patients’ perspectives in study style and TAK-220 cost recruitment techniques could facilitate conducting rigorous clinical trials of acupuncture to guide evidence-based care.Hemostasis means the whole body’s physiological processes whose ultimate purpose is to avoid blood loss when altering the integrity in the vascular system structures. When this delicate balance is disturbed, can seem each clinical bleeding (haemorrhagic diathesis) and hypercoagulable (thromboembolic syndromes). PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20363167 A great deal of your odontostomalogical activity may outcome oral bleeding with no danger for the patient, but occasionally this repre.

Ng seizures. The previous study on the topic16 and certainly qualitative research looking at paramedics practice much more frequently (eg,68?0) have recruited from only single sites. Paramedics for this study had been recruited from 5 distinct services and so it is actually probably the challenges reported usually do not relate to isolated, neighborhood issues, but reflect practice across the nation. The results may well also have relevance internationally as nations such as the USA, Australia, Canada and New Zealand have similarly organised emergency systems and are also in search of new solutions to lower conveyance rates and ED admissions.11 Prospective limitations towards the study contain that it is primarily based on the perceptions and experiences of a self-selecting sample of participants, rather than field observations of what the actual barriers are. The study also didn’t capture the 12 perspective of related solutions providers (eg, urgent care centres, GPs), nor sufferers and carers. This would have probably offered broader insights on a few of the aspects which the paramedics identified as becoming essential. Approaches Twenty-five breast cancer survivors (12 African-Americans/13 Caucasian) were interviewed and verbatim transcripts had been created. These transcripts were analyzed with NVivo application, and important recurring themes have been identified. Numerous readers independently verified the results. Final results Five main themes emerged: (1) symptom appraisal (e.g. figuring out if/when symptoms grow to be bothersome adequate to necessitate intervention), (2) practical barriers (e.g. distance, travel), (3) beliefs regarding the interventions (e.g. worry of needles, dislike of medications), (four) comfort with clinical trials (e.g. randomization, blinding, placebo), (5) trust and altruism. Breast cancer survivors weighed positive aspects and expenses related together with the selection to take part in a clinical trial involving acupuncture. Symptom appraisal was weighed against practical barriers to figure out whether or not the potential advantages outweighed the costs (in time and work) involved. Women also reflected around the nature of the interventions. Some favored acupuncture as a consequence of concerns about taking1 University of Pennsylvania Health Method, Philadelphia, USA Full list of get TV1901 author data is available in the end in the articleadditional medications; other individuals favored medication as a result of their fear of needles and/or skepticism about acupuncture’s effectiveness. Lastly, females were much more likely to express willingness to take part in a clinical trial if they had some understanding from the goal of trial design and style (e.g. randomization, placebo, blinding); suspicions about placebo, blinding and randomization were barriers to participation. Having said that, the presence of trust and altruism mitigated these concerns.Conclusion Breast cancer survivors expressed precise attitudes about perceived barriers and facilitators to participating in acupuncture research. Incorporating patients’ perspectives in study style and recruitment methods might facilitate conducting rigorous clinical trials of acupuncture to guide evidence-based care.Hemostasis means the whole body’s physiological processes whose ultimate aim should be to stop blood loss when altering the integrity with the vascular technique structures. When this delicate balance is disturbed, can seem both clinical bleeding (haemorrhagic diathesis) and hypercoagulable (thromboembolic syndromes). PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20363167 Much in the odontostomalogical activity may well outcome oral bleeding without danger to the patient, but sometimes this repre.

Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript7. EXAMPLESStated Residential Preferences in MCSUI Data We illustrate the analysis of stated preference data using the MCSUI data for Los Angeles. For illustrative purposes, we only analyze the “ranked attractiveness” and “would move in” data. The ranked-attractiveness data were only collected for non-white respondents. Table 2 shows the percentage of T0901317 web neighborhoods that were ranked first or second by black, Asian, and Hispanic respondents who were asked about neighbors of different race/ethnicities. Among black respondents asked about white, Asian, or Hispanic neighbors, the most attractive neighborhoods were those with a minority of other-group neighbors. However, a nontrivial proportion of black respondents identified the entirely other-group neighborhood (e.g., 100 white) as the most attractive neighborhood. Asian respondents were also most likely to rank neighborhoods with a minority of other-group neighbors as most attractive, although they find Hispanic and black neighbors less attractive than white neighbors. Similarly, Hispanic respondents find white neighbors more attractive than black or Asian neighbors, but are most likely to rank neighbors with a strong Hispanic presence most attractive. Table 3 shows the percent of white, black, Hispanic, and Asian respondents willing to move into a neighborhood based on its neighborhood proportion other (where the other-group may be white, black, Asian, or Hispanic). The first column of the table, which shows how white, Asian, and Hispanic respondents evaluate black neighbors, indicates that all groups avoid majority black neighborhoods. These descriptive tables show the distribution of responses over categories of neighborhood proportion other, but they do not provide a succinct way of showing the relationship between neighborhood preferences and neighborhood characteristics.Sociol Methodol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2013 March 08.Bruch and MarePageModels–We analyze the “ranked attractiveness” data by treating the five responses (one for each vignette neighborhood) as a full ranking of the alternatives. In contrast, we treat the five responses to the “would you move in/out” question as a partial ranking of the alternative vignette neighborhoods, and use these rankings to estimate rank-ordered logit models with ties. In Table 1 each respondent has five lines of data, one for each neighborhood ethnic composition vignette and the respondent’s rank of the vignette. The vignette rank is the dependent variable and is modeled as a function of the percent other-group in the neighborhood.12 Separate parameters are estimated for each combination of respondent’s own race and the race of the other group in the vignette neighborhood. The nonlinear continuous model adequately describes residential preferences for these simple data. The coefficients from these models are shown in Table 4. The predicted probabilities from the models for two of the ethnic groups, blacks and Hispanics, are presented in Figures 2 and 3. The top panel of Figure 2 shows the probability that black respondents rank a vignette neighborhood most attractive. Separate panels are shown for Thonzonium (bromide) web black-white, black-Hispanic, and black-Asian neighborhoods. Black respondents tend to rank as most attractive those neighborhoods where their own ethnic group is heavily represented most. However, when asked which neighborhoods they would be willing to move into, blacks display a strong preference fo.Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript7. EXAMPLESStated Residential Preferences in MCSUI Data We illustrate the analysis of stated preference data using the MCSUI data for Los Angeles. For illustrative purposes, we only analyze the “ranked attractiveness” and “would move in” data. The ranked-attractiveness data were only collected for non-white respondents. Table 2 shows the percentage of neighborhoods that were ranked first or second by black, Asian, and Hispanic respondents who were asked about neighbors of different race/ethnicities. Among black respondents asked about white, Asian, or Hispanic neighbors, the most attractive neighborhoods were those with a minority of other-group neighbors. However, a nontrivial proportion of black respondents identified the entirely other-group neighborhood (e.g., 100 white) as the most attractive neighborhood. Asian respondents were also most likely to rank neighborhoods with a minority of other-group neighbors as most attractive, although they find Hispanic and black neighbors less attractive than white neighbors. Similarly, Hispanic respondents find white neighbors more attractive than black or Asian neighbors, but are most likely to rank neighbors with a strong Hispanic presence most attractive. Table 3 shows the percent of white, black, Hispanic, and Asian respondents willing to move into a neighborhood based on its neighborhood proportion other (where the other-group may be white, black, Asian, or Hispanic). The first column of the table, which shows how white, Asian, and Hispanic respondents evaluate black neighbors, indicates that all groups avoid majority black neighborhoods. These descriptive tables show the distribution of responses over categories of neighborhood proportion other, but they do not provide a succinct way of showing the relationship between neighborhood preferences and neighborhood characteristics.Sociol Methodol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2013 March 08.Bruch and MarePageModels–We analyze the “ranked attractiveness” data by treating the five responses (one for each vignette neighborhood) as a full ranking of the alternatives. In contrast, we treat the five responses to the “would you move in/out” question as a partial ranking of the alternative vignette neighborhoods, and use these rankings to estimate rank-ordered logit models with ties. In Table 1 each respondent has five lines of data, one for each neighborhood ethnic composition vignette and the respondent’s rank of the vignette. The vignette rank is the dependent variable and is modeled as a function of the percent other-group in the neighborhood.12 Separate parameters are estimated for each combination of respondent’s own race and the race of the other group in the vignette neighborhood. The nonlinear continuous model adequately describes residential preferences for these simple data. The coefficients from these models are shown in Table 4. The predicted probabilities from the models for two of the ethnic groups, blacks and Hispanics, are presented in Figures 2 and 3. The top panel of Figure 2 shows the probability that black respondents rank a vignette neighborhood most attractive. Separate panels are shown for black-white, black-Hispanic, and black-Asian neighborhoods. Black respondents tend to rank as most attractive those neighborhoods where their own ethnic group is heavily represented most. However, when asked which neighborhoods they would be willing to move into, blacks display a strong preference fo.

/width at posterior margin: 4.1 or more. Mediotergite 1 shape: mostly parallel ided for 0.5?.7 of its length, then narrowing posteriorly so mediotergite anterior width >1.1 ?posterior width. Mediotergite 1 sculpture: mostly smooth. Mediotergite 2 width at posterior margin/length: 2.4?.7. Mediotergite 2 sculpture: mostly smooth. Outer margin of hypopygium: with a wide, medially folded, transparent, semi?Review of Apanteles sensu stricto (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae)…desclerotized area; usually with 4 or more pleats. Ovipositor thickness: about same width throughout its length. Ovipositor sheaths length/metatibial length: 0.8?.9. Length of fore wing veins r/2RS: 1.7?.9. Length of fore wing veins 2RS/2M: 1.1?.3. Length of fore wing veins 2M/(RS+M)b: 0.9?.0. Pterostigma length/width: 2.6?.0. Point of insertion of vein r in pterostigma: about half way point length of pterostigma. Angle of vein r with fore wing anterior margin: clearly outwards, inclined towards fore wing apex. Shape of junction of veins r and 2RS in fore wing: distinctly but not strongly angled. Male. Like female. Molecular data. Sequences in BOLD: 1, barcode compliant sequences: 1. Biology/ecology. Gregarious (Fig. 289). Host: Riodinidae, Argyrogrammama venilia crocea. Distribution. Costa Rica, ACG. Comments. This species is characterized by T1 mostly parallel-sided for 0.7 of its length, then strongly narrowing posteriorly, so T1 length at least 3.0 ?its width at posterior margin. It is the only Mesoamerican species with that T1 shape and the combination of tegula and humeral complex of different color, and pterostigma brown. Etymology. We dedicate this species to H tor Sol in recognition of his diligent efforts for the ACG Programa Forestal. Apanteles humbertolopezi Fern dez-Triana, sp. n. http://zoobank.org/90092F8E-3464-40D3-99D8-FB3B04B48FCB http://species-id.net/wiki/Apanteles_humbertolopezi Fig. 125 Type locality. COSTA RICA, Alajuela, ACG, Sector San Cristobal, Rio Blanco Abajo, 500m, 10.90037, -85.37254. Holotype. in CNC. Specimen labels: 1. San Gerardo: Rio Blanco Abajo, Date: 21-27 Aug. 2007. 2. DHJPAR0024860. Description. Female. Body color: body mostly dark except for some sternites which may be pale. Antenna color: scape, pedicel, and flagellum dark. Coxae color (pro-, meso-, metacoxa): dark, dark, dark. Femora color (pro-, meso-, metafemur): anteriorly dark/posteriorly pale, dark, dark. Tibiae color (pro-, meso-, metatibia): pale, dark, dark. Tegula and humeral complex color: both dark. Pterostigma color: dark with pale spot at base. Fore wing veins color: mostly dark (a few veins may be unpigmented). Antenna length/body length: antenna about as long as body (head to apex of metasoma); if slightly shorter, at least extending beyond anterior 0.7 metasoma length. Body in lateral view: not distinctly flattened dorso AMG9810 web entrally. Body length (head to apex of metasoma): 2.1?.2 mm. Fore wing length: 2.3?.4 mm. Ocular JWH-133 web cellar line/posterior ocellus diameter: 2.3?.5. Interocellar distance/posterior ocellus diameter: 1.7?.9. Antennal flagellomerus 2 length/ width: 2.6?.8. Tarsal claws: with single basal spine ike seta. Metafemur length/width: 3.4?.5. Metatibia inner spur length/metabasitarsus length: 0.4?.5. Anteromesoscutum: mostly with deep, dense punctures (separated by less than 2.0 ?its maximumJose L. Fernandez-Triana et al. / ZooKeys 383: 1?65 (2014)diameter). Mesoscutellar disc: mostly smooth. Number of pits in scutoscutellar sulcus: 9 or 10. Maximu./width at posterior margin: 4.1 or more. Mediotergite 1 shape: mostly parallel ided for 0.5?.7 of its length, then narrowing posteriorly so mediotergite anterior width >1.1 ?posterior width. Mediotergite 1 sculpture: mostly smooth. Mediotergite 2 width at posterior margin/length: 2.4?.7. Mediotergite 2 sculpture: mostly smooth. Outer margin of hypopygium: with a wide, medially folded, transparent, semi?Review of Apanteles sensu stricto (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae)…desclerotized area; usually with 4 or more pleats. Ovipositor thickness: about same width throughout its length. Ovipositor sheaths length/metatibial length: 0.8?.9. Length of fore wing veins r/2RS: 1.7?.9. Length of fore wing veins 2RS/2M: 1.1?.3. Length of fore wing veins 2M/(RS+M)b: 0.9?.0. Pterostigma length/width: 2.6?.0. Point of insertion of vein r in pterostigma: about half way point length of pterostigma. Angle of vein r with fore wing anterior margin: clearly outwards, inclined towards fore wing apex. Shape of junction of veins r and 2RS in fore wing: distinctly but not strongly angled. Male. Like female. Molecular data. Sequences in BOLD: 1, barcode compliant sequences: 1. Biology/ecology. Gregarious (Fig. 289). Host: Riodinidae, Argyrogrammama venilia crocea. Distribution. Costa Rica, ACG. Comments. This species is characterized by T1 mostly parallel-sided for 0.7 of its length, then strongly narrowing posteriorly, so T1 length at least 3.0 ?its width at posterior margin. It is the only Mesoamerican species with that T1 shape and the combination of tegula and humeral complex of different color, and pterostigma brown. Etymology. We dedicate this species to H tor Sol in recognition of his diligent efforts for the ACG Programa Forestal. Apanteles humbertolopezi Fern dez-Triana, sp. n. http://zoobank.org/90092F8E-3464-40D3-99D8-FB3B04B48FCB http://species-id.net/wiki/Apanteles_humbertolopezi Fig. 125 Type locality. COSTA RICA, Alajuela, ACG, Sector San Cristobal, Rio Blanco Abajo, 500m, 10.90037, -85.37254. Holotype. in CNC. Specimen labels: 1. San Gerardo: Rio Blanco Abajo, Date: 21-27 Aug. 2007. 2. DHJPAR0024860. Description. Female. Body color: body mostly dark except for some sternites which may be pale. Antenna color: scape, pedicel, and flagellum dark. Coxae color (pro-, meso-, metacoxa): dark, dark, dark. Femora color (pro-, meso-, metafemur): anteriorly dark/posteriorly pale, dark, dark. Tibiae color (pro-, meso-, metatibia): pale, dark, dark. Tegula and humeral complex color: both dark. Pterostigma color: dark with pale spot at base. Fore wing veins color: mostly dark (a few veins may be unpigmented). Antenna length/body length: antenna about as long as body (head to apex of metasoma); if slightly shorter, at least extending beyond anterior 0.7 metasoma length. Body in lateral view: not distinctly flattened dorso entrally. Body length (head to apex of metasoma): 2.1?.2 mm. Fore wing length: 2.3?.4 mm. Ocular cellar line/posterior ocellus diameter: 2.3?.5. Interocellar distance/posterior ocellus diameter: 1.7?.9. Antennal flagellomerus 2 length/ width: 2.6?.8. Tarsal claws: with single basal spine ike seta. Metafemur length/width: 3.4?.5. Metatibia inner spur length/metabasitarsus length: 0.4?.5. Anteromesoscutum: mostly with deep, dense punctures (separated by less than 2.0 ?its maximumJose L. Fernandez-Triana et al. / ZooKeys 383: 1?65 (2014)diameter). Mesoscutellar disc: mostly smooth. Number of pits in scutoscutellar sulcus: 9 or 10. Maximu.