Ubule length cannot be generated then add to storage and re-generate the microtubule. if repeating 100 times still does not generate a microtubule of desired length then return declare “input parameters cannot be generated”. end if end if end loop end for Finally the generated image was convolved with the estimated PSF and was then multiplied with the corresponding estimated single microtubule intensity to make the intensity comparable to real images. Library generation. As described previously [8], a library of synthetic images was generated for each cell geometry (cell shape and nucleus shape) and contained all combinations of the parameter values below (resulting in a total of 810 synthetic images). The values were chosen by experience to Tramiprosate site account for the appearance of real microtubules as well as the generability and computational efficiency of the model):N N N NNumber of microtubules = 5, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450; Mean of length distribution = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 microns; Collinearity (cosa) = 0.97000, 0.98466, 0.99610; Cell Height = 1.2, 1.4, 1.6 microns.Comparison of Microtubule DistributionsFeatures and matching. For each 2D real cell image and all the central 2D slices from its 3D simulated images in the library, 2D versions of the features that were used previously [8] were calculated. Detailed information about the implementations of the 2D version of the features have been presented [20]. In addition, we appended the feature set with edge features, which were some histogram features calculated on the gradient magnitude and gradient’s direction after convolving each 2D image with Prewitt operator. Following the feature computation, we calculated the normalized Euclidean distances between the feature vector of the real image and those of its simulated images for matching. The set of parameters that was used to generate the simulated image withthe minimum distance was used as estimates of the parameters of distribution of microtubules in that real image [8].AcknowledgmentsWe thank other members of the Human Protein Atlas project team and the Murphy and Rohde groups for helpful discussions.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: JL AS EL GKR RFM. Performed the experiments: JL AS 24195657 MW. Analyzed the data: JL AS EL GKR RFM. Wrote the paper: JL AS EL GKR RFM.
Serotonin transporter (5-HTT) is coded by a single gene (SLC6A4), which is located in human chromosome 17q11.2 [1]. After the discovery of polymorphism of the promoter region of the 5-HTT gene (5-HTTLPR polymorphism), with longer allele (with 16 repeats) having higher basal and induced transcription rates than shorter (with 14 repeats), the evidence is still inconclusive about the direct impact of 5-HTTLPR polymorphism on the 5-HTT binding in the human brain. Both significant associations and findings with no association have been reported [2] [3] [4] [5][6][7] [8]. Instead of direct gene effect on the brain 5-HTT binding, certain patterns of coupling of central nervous functions and structures are more clearly determined by 5-HTTLPR polymorphism. For example, there may be higher structural covariance between amygdala and anterior cingulate in individuals with both long alleles (l homozygotes) than in s allele carriers, and also there5-HTT Genotype Effects on Cardiac-Brain Relationmay be higher baseline amygdala CASIN web activity with exaggerated responses to stressful images in s carriers than in l homozygotes [9][10]. It has been hypot.Ubule length cannot be generated then add to storage and re-generate the microtubule. if repeating 100 times still does not generate a microtubule of desired length then return declare “input parameters cannot be generated”. end if end if end loop end for Finally the generated image was convolved with the estimated PSF and was then multiplied with the corresponding estimated single microtubule intensity to make the intensity comparable to real images. Library generation. As described previously [8], a library of synthetic images was generated for each cell geometry (cell shape and nucleus shape) and contained all combinations of the parameter values below (resulting in a total of 810 synthetic images). The values were chosen by experience to account for the appearance of real microtubules as well as the generability and computational efficiency of the model):N N N NNumber of microtubules = 5, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450; Mean of length distribution = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 microns; Collinearity (cosa) = 0.97000, 0.98466, 0.99610; Cell Height = 1.2, 1.4, 1.6 microns.Comparison of Microtubule DistributionsFeatures and matching. For each 2D real cell image and all the central 2D slices from its 3D simulated images in the library, 2D versions of the features that were used previously [8] were calculated. Detailed information about the implementations of the 2D version of the features have been presented [20]. In addition, we appended the feature set with edge features, which were some histogram features calculated on the gradient magnitude and gradient’s direction after convolving each 2D image with Prewitt operator. Following the feature computation, we calculated the normalized Euclidean distances between the feature vector of the real image and those of its simulated images for matching. The set of parameters that was used to generate the simulated image withthe minimum distance was used as estimates of the parameters of distribution of microtubules in that real image [8].AcknowledgmentsWe thank other members of the Human Protein Atlas project team and the Murphy and Rohde groups for helpful discussions.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: JL AS EL GKR RFM. Performed the experiments: JL AS 24195657 MW. Analyzed the data: JL AS EL GKR RFM. Wrote the paper: JL AS EL GKR RFM.
Serotonin transporter (5-HTT) is coded by a single gene (SLC6A4), which is located in human chromosome 17q11.2 [1]. After the discovery of polymorphism of the promoter region of the 5-HTT gene (5-HTTLPR polymorphism), with longer allele (with 16 repeats) having higher basal and induced transcription rates than shorter (with 14 repeats), the evidence is still inconclusive about the direct impact of 5-HTTLPR polymorphism on the 5-HTT binding in the human brain. Both significant associations and findings with no association have been reported [2] [3] [4] [5][6][7] [8]. Instead of direct gene effect on the brain 5-HTT binding, certain patterns of coupling of central nervous functions and structures are more clearly determined by 5-HTTLPR polymorphism. For example, there may be higher structural covariance between amygdala and anterior cingulate in individuals with both long alleles (l homozygotes) than in s allele carriers, and also there5-HTT Genotype Effects on Cardiac-Brain Relationmay be higher baseline amygdala activity with exaggerated responses to stressful images in s carriers than in l homozygotes [9][10]. It has been hypot.