Expression was checked 12 hr after adding CCCP.Plasmid ConstructionAll plasmids used for expression in D. discoideum in this work were constructed by cloning PCR amplified DNA sequences encoding the 136 amino acid residues dynamin B presequence or fragments of it between the SacI and XbaI sites of plasmid pDXAmcsYFP [37]. In the context of the expression vectors listed below the presequence is referred to as NTS. Expression vectors for the following EYFP tagged constructs were generated : pDXA/ NTSEYFP (NTS residues 1?36); pDXA/NTS DN1 YFP (NTS residues 28?36); pDXA/NTS DN2 YFP (NTS residues 51?136); pDXA/NTS DN3EYFP (NTS residues 103?36); pDXA/ NTS DC YFP (NTS residues 1?12); pDXA/NTS DI1 YFP (NTS residues 1?4 fused to 103?36); pDXA/NTS DI2 YFP (NTS residues 28?4 fused to 103?12); and pDXA/NTS DI3?EYFP (NTS residues 28?0 fused to 103?12). Lysine residues have been mutated to 23727046 alanine on the DI2 background and five different DI2 mutant constructs were made, pDXA/NTS DI2 K2A YFP (K 38, 41 to A), pDXA/NTS DI2 K5A YFP (K29, 40, 47, 58 and 61 to A), pDXA/NTS DI2 K7A YFP (K 29, 38, 40, 47, 58 and 61 to A), pDXA/NTS DI2 K38A 40A YFP and pDXA/NTS DI2 K29A 61A YFP. NTS and DI2 constructs lacking R-like recognition sequence (residues 103?112), pDXA/NTS DRS YFP and pDXA/NTS DI2 DRS YFP were made. Arginine 105 (R-motif) in the putative cleavage site is mutated to alanine to generate pDXA/NTS R105A YFP and pDXA/NTS DI2 R105A YFP constructs. Mammalian expression constructs were generated in the eukaryotic expression vector pEGFP 1 (Clontech). DNA fragments encoding the dynamin B presequence, fragments of it or mutated NTS fragments were inserted between the BamHI and XhoI sites of the vector. The 259869-55-1 resulting plasmids pEGFP TS, pEGFP TS DI2, pEGFP TS DRS, pEGFP TS R105A, pEGFP TS DI2 DRS, pEGFP TS DI2 R105A, pEGFP TS DI2 K2A, pEGFP TS DI2 K5A, pEGFP TS DI2 K7A, pEGFP TS DI2 K38A 40A and pEGFP TS DI2 K29A?K61A were made. Mutagenesis was performed as described [38] and all constructs were verified by sequencing.or 0.02 Triton X-100 at room temperature. Mouse monoclonal anti-mitoporin antibody 70-100-1 [40] rabbit polyclonal anti-GFP antibody purchase 79831-76-8 AB3080 (Millipore) and appropriate Alexa conjugated secondary antibodies were used. Images were taken with a 6361.4 NA oil objective on Leica TCS SP2 laser scanning confocal microscope. All procedures were carried out at room temperature unless otherwise stated. Mammalian NTS-EGFP producing HEK 293T cells were incubated for 30 min with 250 nM Mitotracker Deep Red 633 (Molecular Probes) in DMEM media without serum at 37uC in the presence of 5 CO2 for 30 min. Cells were fixed with 4 paraformaldehyde in PBS for 15 min at room temperature. For Tom20 staining, cells were washed twice with PBS after fixation and unreacted paraformaldehyde was quenched with 100 mM glycine in PBS for 5 min. Cells were permeabilized by incubation with 0.02 Triton X-100 for 5 min, washed three times with PBS and were blocked with 0.045 fish gelatin (Sigma Aldrich) and 0.5 BSA in PBS (PBG) for one hour at room temperature, followed by overnight incubation at 4uC with rabbit Tom20 antibody (Santa Cruz) diluted (1:150) in PBG . After extensive washing with PBS, cells were labeled for one hour at room temperature with 1:250 dilutions of the appropriate secondary antibody conjugated with Alexa Fluor 555 (Invitrogen). After extensive washing with PBS, cover slips were mounted on glass slides with SlowFade Gold antifade reagent (Invitrogen). Im.Expression was checked 12 hr after adding CCCP.Plasmid ConstructionAll plasmids used for expression in D. discoideum in this work were constructed by cloning PCR amplified DNA sequences encoding the 136 amino acid residues dynamin B presequence or fragments of it between the SacI and XbaI sites of plasmid pDXAmcsYFP [37]. In the context of the expression vectors listed below the presequence is referred to as NTS. Expression vectors for the following EYFP tagged constructs were generated : pDXA/ NTSEYFP (NTS residues 1?36); pDXA/NTS DN1 YFP (NTS residues 28?36); pDXA/NTS DN2 YFP (NTS residues 51?136); pDXA/NTS DN3EYFP (NTS residues 103?36); pDXA/ NTS DC YFP (NTS residues 1?12); pDXA/NTS DI1 YFP (NTS residues 1?4 fused to 103?36); pDXA/NTS DI2 YFP (NTS residues 28?4 fused to 103?12); and pDXA/NTS DI3?EYFP (NTS residues 28?0 fused to 103?12). Lysine residues have been mutated to 23727046 alanine on the DI2 background and five different DI2 mutant constructs were made, pDXA/NTS DI2 K2A YFP (K 38, 41 to A), pDXA/NTS DI2 K5A YFP (K29, 40, 47, 58 and 61 to A), pDXA/NTS DI2 K7A YFP (K 29, 38, 40, 47, 58 and 61 to A), pDXA/NTS DI2 K38A 40A YFP and pDXA/NTS DI2 K29A 61A YFP. NTS and DI2 constructs lacking R-like recognition sequence (residues 103?112), pDXA/NTS DRS YFP and pDXA/NTS DI2 DRS YFP were made. Arginine 105 (R-motif) in the putative cleavage site is mutated to alanine to generate pDXA/NTS R105A YFP and pDXA/NTS DI2 R105A YFP constructs. Mammalian expression constructs were generated in the eukaryotic expression vector pEGFP 1 (Clontech). DNA fragments encoding the dynamin B presequence, fragments of it or mutated NTS fragments were inserted between the BamHI and XhoI sites of the vector. The resulting plasmids pEGFP TS, pEGFP TS DI2, pEGFP TS DRS, pEGFP TS R105A, pEGFP TS DI2 DRS, pEGFP TS DI2 R105A, pEGFP TS DI2 K2A, pEGFP TS DI2 K5A, pEGFP TS DI2 K7A, pEGFP TS DI2 K38A 40A and pEGFP TS DI2 K29A?K61A were made. Mutagenesis was performed as described [38] and all constructs were verified by sequencing.or 0.02 Triton X-100 at room temperature. Mouse monoclonal anti-mitoporin antibody 70-100-1 [40] rabbit polyclonal anti-GFP antibody AB3080 (Millipore) and appropriate Alexa conjugated secondary antibodies were used. Images were taken with a 6361.4 NA oil objective on Leica TCS SP2 laser scanning confocal microscope. All procedures were carried out at room temperature unless otherwise stated. Mammalian NTS-EGFP producing HEK 293T cells were incubated for 30 min with 250 nM Mitotracker Deep Red 633 (Molecular Probes) in DMEM media without serum at 37uC in the presence of 5 CO2 for 30 min. Cells were fixed with 4 paraformaldehyde in PBS for 15 min at room temperature. For Tom20 staining, cells were washed twice with PBS after fixation and unreacted paraformaldehyde was quenched with 100 mM glycine in PBS for 5 min. Cells were permeabilized by incubation with 0.02 Triton X-100 for 5 min, washed three times with PBS and were blocked with 0.045 fish gelatin (Sigma Aldrich) and 0.5 BSA in PBS (PBG) for one hour at room temperature, followed by overnight incubation at 4uC with rabbit Tom20 antibody (Santa Cruz) diluted (1:150) in PBG . After extensive washing with PBS, cells were labeled for one hour at room temperature with 1:250 dilutions of the appropriate secondary antibody conjugated with Alexa Fluor 555 (Invitrogen). After extensive washing with PBS, cover slips were mounted on glass slides with SlowFade Gold antifade reagent (Invitrogen). Im.