Depth [33]. Catheter-based gene transfer can also be applied to large animals and humans because laser light can be delivered through an optical fiber [78]. For these applications, however, careful investigation is needed to determine the optimum PMW conditions. In summary, we demonstrated the validity of PMW-mediated siRNA delivery for therapy for SCI. The application of PMWs promoted uptake of Methionine enkephalin site siRNAs targeting IF proteins into deep glial cells, enabling an evident reduction in the levels of the IF proteins. As a result, significant locomotive functional recovery was obtained in rats that underwent PMW application. PMWmediated siRNA delivery is useful for safe and valid CNS therapy, having unique characteristics that cannot be realized by other methods.AcknowledgmentsThe authors are grateful to Ms. Akiko Yano for insightful discussion on the results of the immunohistological analysis.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: TA SS TT HK HN MO. Performed the experiments: TA TT HK. Analyzed the data: TA SS TT HK HN MO. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: HN HA. Wrote the paper: TA SS MO.
Curcumin (1,7-bis-(-4-hydroxy-3-methoxiphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-2,5-dione) and curcuminoids (demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, and cyclocurcumin) is known to possess potent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory actions [1?], but has never been considered as potential agents for respiratory health. Curcumin compounds (curcumins) are isolated from turmeric, an Indian yellow spice prepared from the dried rhizome of Curcuma longa, a member of the ginger family (Zingiberaceae), and used in large amounts as a food flavoring for curry meals in Asian populations. Turmeric has long been used traditionally for the treatment of DprE1-IN-2 coryza, indigestion, gallstone, hepatic disorders and rheumatism, and to promote healing of cuts and wounds. A more potent antioxidant than vitamin E, curcumin inhibits in vitro lipid peroxidation and scavenges free oxygen and NO-basedradicals, thus preventing oxidative damage of DNA. [5,6] It also inhibits lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-2, [7] enzymes that are responsible for the synthesis of the pro-inflammatory leukotrienes, prostaglandins and thromboxanes, [8] and suppresses inducible nitric oxide synthase in activated macrophages. [9] Interestingly, curcumins demonstrated pulmonary protective effects against paraquat toxicity, [10] and attenuates elastase- and cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary emphysema in mice. [11] Currently, curcumins are being investigated as candidate compounds for the treatment of colonic polyps and cancer, Crohn’s disease and dementia. [12] The possible protective effect of dietary curcumins in reducing the deleterious pulmonary effects of tobacco smoke among smokers has not been investigated. Among the elderly, greater exposure to oxidative stress and lower dietary intake of antioxidants and micronutrients in foods may render them particularly vulnerable to lung damage,Curcumin and Pulmonary Functionincreasing the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A growing body of evidence [13,14] suggests that micronutrients including antioxidant vitamins A, C and E and selenium [14?6], 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D [27?0] and omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) [31?4] and may play important roles in protecting the lungs from the effects of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, especially from smoking. Curcumins have not been shown in any study to protect against th.Depth [33]. Catheter-based gene transfer can also be applied to large animals and humans because laser light can be delivered through an optical fiber [78]. For these applications, however, careful investigation is needed to determine the optimum PMW conditions. In summary, we demonstrated the validity of PMW-mediated siRNA delivery for therapy for SCI. The application of PMWs promoted uptake of siRNAs targeting IF proteins into deep glial cells, enabling an evident reduction in the levels of the IF proteins. As a result, significant locomotive functional recovery was obtained in rats that underwent PMW application. PMWmediated siRNA delivery is useful for safe and valid CNS therapy, having unique characteristics that cannot be realized by other methods.AcknowledgmentsThe authors are grateful to Ms. Akiko Yano for insightful discussion on the results of the immunohistological analysis.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: TA SS TT HK HN MO. Performed the experiments: TA TT HK. Analyzed the data: TA SS TT HK HN MO. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: HN HA. Wrote the paper: TA SS MO.
Curcumin (1,7-bis-(-4-hydroxy-3-methoxiphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-2,5-dione) and curcuminoids (demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, and cyclocurcumin) is known to possess potent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory actions [1?], but has never been considered as potential agents for respiratory health. Curcumin compounds (curcumins) are isolated from turmeric, an Indian yellow spice prepared from the dried rhizome of Curcuma longa, a member of the ginger family (Zingiberaceae), and used in large amounts as a food flavoring for curry meals in Asian populations. Turmeric has long been used traditionally for the treatment of coryza, indigestion, gallstone, hepatic disorders and rheumatism, and to promote healing of cuts and wounds. A more potent antioxidant than vitamin E, curcumin inhibits in vitro lipid peroxidation and scavenges free oxygen and NO-basedradicals, thus preventing oxidative damage of DNA. [5,6] It also inhibits lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-2, [7] enzymes that are responsible for the synthesis of the pro-inflammatory leukotrienes, prostaglandins and thromboxanes, [8] and suppresses inducible nitric oxide synthase in activated macrophages. [9] Interestingly, curcumins demonstrated pulmonary protective effects against paraquat toxicity, [10] and attenuates elastase- and cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary emphysema in mice. [11] Currently, curcumins are being investigated as candidate compounds for the treatment of colonic polyps and cancer, Crohn’s disease and dementia. [12] The possible protective effect of dietary curcumins in reducing the deleterious pulmonary effects of tobacco smoke among smokers has not been investigated. Among the elderly, greater exposure to oxidative stress and lower dietary intake of antioxidants and micronutrients in foods may render them particularly vulnerable to lung damage,Curcumin and Pulmonary Functionincreasing the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A growing body of evidence [13,14] suggests that micronutrients including antioxidant vitamins A, C and E and selenium [14?6], 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D [27?0] and omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) [31?4] and may play important roles in protecting the lungs from the effects of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, especially from smoking. Curcumins have not been shown in any study to protect against th.