Latory motifs can be reduced into 2 or 3-node networks and these networks have several Title Loaded From File isomorphic graphs, we developed efficient subgraph search algorithm using a novel data structure called path-tree, which is a tree structure composed of isomorphic graphs of regulatory motifs. We evaluated this algorithm using various sizes of signaling networks generatedfrom the integration of various human signaling pathway resources and found that the speed and scalability of our algorithm outperforms those of other algorithm. By integrating this algorithm with network compression algorithm, we developed a RMOD, which is capable of identifying regulatory motifs after compressing the signaling network. RMOD includes interactive analysis and auxiliary tools that make it possible to manipulate the whole processes from building signaling network and query regulatory motifs to analyzing regulatory motifs with graphical illustration and summarized descriptions. RMOD can be freely accessible for non-commercial purposes at the following URL: http://pks.kaist.ac.kr/rmod.Materials and Methods DefinitionsA graph or network consists of a finite set V of vertices and a finite set connecting edges E #(V6V). A directed graph contains edge e = (u, v) M E, which goes from vertex u, the source, to another vertex v, the target, Whereas an undirected graph has edges with no fixed orientation. The vertices u and v are incident with the edge e and adjacent to each other. Signed directed graph is a directed graph in which each edge has a positive or negative sign. A subgraph of the graph G = (V, E) is a graph Gs 23148522 = (Vs, Es) where Vs and Es # (Vs6Vs)>E. The degree of vertex is the total number of edges it is incident to. The in-degree and out-degree of a vertex is defined as the number of edges coming into the vertex and the number of edges going out of it, respectively. The subgraph size is defined in this paper as the number of vertices in the sub-graph. Two Title Loaded From File sub-graph G1 = (V1, E1) and G2 = (V2, E2) are isomorphic if there is a one-to-one correspondence between their vertices, and there is an edge directed from one vertex to another vertex of one subgraph if and only if there is an edge with the same direction between the corresponding vertices in the other subgraph. The problem of finding an isomorphic subgraph is believed to be a problem for which no efficient solution exists, i.e., it belongs to the class of NP-complete problems.Figure 1. Known regulatory motifs in non-isomorphic relationship. (a) Oscillation motif (b) Adaptation motif (c) Bistable switch motif. A, B, C in the circle represent enzymes that catalyze reaction in their active state, For example, A R B indicates that A converts B from its inactive state to active state and A x B indicates that A convert B from its active state to inactive state. * means that the network size should be more than equal to three for exhibiting dynamic behaviour. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068407.gRMOD: Regulatory Motif Detection ToolFigure 2. Overview of regulatory motif identification process. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068407.gFor a particular sub-graph Gp, all subgraphs isomorphic to Gp in the network are considered as matches of Gp. Network motifs are defined as subgraphs, which have higher occurrences of matches in the network than in random networks of equal size. Regulatory motifs are subgraphs of signed directed graph that appear repeatedly in various signaling networks and show specific regulatory properties such as o.Latory motifs can be reduced into 2 or 3-node networks and these networks have several isomorphic graphs, we developed efficient subgraph search algorithm using a novel data structure called path-tree, which is a tree structure composed of isomorphic graphs of regulatory motifs. We evaluated this algorithm using various sizes of signaling networks generatedfrom the integration of various human signaling pathway resources and found that the speed and scalability of our algorithm outperforms those of other algorithm. By integrating this algorithm with network compression algorithm, we developed a RMOD, which is capable of identifying regulatory motifs after compressing the signaling network. RMOD includes interactive analysis and auxiliary tools that make it possible to manipulate the whole processes from building signaling network and query regulatory motifs to analyzing regulatory motifs with graphical illustration and summarized descriptions. RMOD can be freely accessible for non-commercial purposes at the following URL: http://pks.kaist.ac.kr/rmod.Materials and Methods DefinitionsA graph or network consists of a finite set V of vertices and a finite set connecting edges E #(V6V). A directed graph contains edge e = (u, v) M E, which goes from vertex u, the source, to another vertex v, the target, Whereas an undirected graph has edges with no fixed orientation. The vertices u and v are incident with the edge e and adjacent to each other. Signed directed graph is a directed graph in which each edge has a positive or negative sign. A subgraph of the graph G = (V, E) is a graph Gs 23148522 = (Vs, Es) where Vs and Es # (Vs6Vs)>E. The degree of vertex is the total number of edges it is incident to. The in-degree and out-degree of a vertex is defined as the number of edges coming into the vertex and the number of edges going out of it, respectively. The subgraph size is defined in this paper as the number of vertices in the sub-graph. Two sub-graph G1 = (V1, E1) and G2 = (V2, E2) are isomorphic if there is a one-to-one correspondence between their vertices, and there is an edge directed from one vertex to another vertex of one subgraph if and only if there is an edge with the same direction between the corresponding vertices in the other subgraph. The problem of finding an isomorphic subgraph is believed to be a problem for which no efficient solution exists, i.e., it belongs to the class of NP-complete problems.Figure 1. Known regulatory motifs in non-isomorphic relationship. (a) Oscillation motif (b) Adaptation motif (c) Bistable switch motif. A, B, C in the circle represent enzymes that catalyze reaction in their active state, For example, A R B indicates that A converts B from its inactive state to active state and A x B indicates that A convert B from its active state to inactive state. * means that the network size should be more than equal to three for exhibiting dynamic behaviour. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068407.gRMOD: Regulatory Motif Detection ToolFigure 2. Overview of regulatory motif identification process. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068407.gFor a particular sub-graph Gp, all subgraphs isomorphic to Gp in the network are considered as matches of Gp. Network motifs are defined as subgraphs, which have higher occurrences of matches in the network than in random networks of equal size. Regulatory motifs are subgraphs of signed directed graph that appear repeatedly in various signaling networks and show specific regulatory properties such as o.