Ng from in silico modelling that combined elevation of creatine, TAN and total exchangeable phosphate pools would be favourable to the failing heart [24]. This hypothesis remains untested, since elevating ribose and creatine levels were not sufficient to preserve TAN pool in our murine model of heart failure. This is in contrast to the effect of ribose in models of acute ischaemia and suggests that ribose is not rate-limiting for de novo purine nucleotide synthesis in the failing mouse heart. However, it does not rule out an effect of ribose in heart failure models where the drop in TAN pool is more profound. Other approaches to preserve TAN pool SMER-28 biological activity deserve to be tested, and may yet prove beneficial, for example, inhibition of 59nucleotidase to prevent nucleotide degradation, modulation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase as the rate limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway, up-regulation of adenosine kinase, and nucleotide transporter inhibitors.Figure 4. Factors influencing ejection fraction by correlation analysis. Ejection fraction assessed by MRI 8 weeks after myocardial infarction correlated well with infarct size (A), but not with myocardial total adenine nucleotides (B), or myocardial creatine levels (C). Correlation analysis and linear regression is for all groups analysed together. Group MI are untreated wild-type infarcted mice; Group MI+R are wild-type infarcted mice treated with ribose; Group MI+C+R are infarcted creatine transporter overexpressing mice treated with ribose. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066461.gmaximal velocity of the creatine kinase reaction still correlate with disease severity in the mouse despite such modest changes [31]. In our study, creatine+ribose supplementation could not prevent the significant 13 fall in TAN pool, but we cannot rule out that this approach might have been effective in SC-66 chemical information attenuating a much larger fall in other species.ConclusionUsing a combination of genetic modification and supplementation we elevated ribose and creatine levels in the mouse heart. This did not prevent gradual loss of total adenine nucleotides in remote myocardium following chronic myocardial infarction and did not protect against cardiac remodelling and development of heart failure.Why did Ribose Supplementation not Maintain TAN Pool in the Failing Heart?Previous studies have shown beneficial effects in acute models of ischaemia where a large and rapid drop in TAN pool occurs as a consequence of nucleotide depletion and subsequent adenosine release [14?6]. This is very different to the slow gradual decline observed in non-ischaemic myocardium in the failing heart, for which the mechanisms are still unclear. One possibility is that suchAuthor ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: KMEF DA JES CAL SN. Performed the experiments: KMEF DJM DA LSM. Analyzed the data: KMEF DJM DA LSM JES CAL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JES. Wrote the paper: KMEF CAL SN.Ribose Treatment in Chronic Murine Heart Failure
Nanoparticles are highly promising candidates for various important biological applications, such as gene delivery [1], cellular imaging [2], and tumor therapy [3]. Meanwhile, the interaction between nanoparticles and the biological systems has received great attention since this may bring some biosafety concerns [4?]. Among numerous types of nanomaterials, carbon nanomaterials have attracted particular interests, such as typical sp2-carbon nanomaterials with hydrophobic surfaces: zero-dimen.Ng from in silico modelling that combined elevation of creatine, TAN and total exchangeable phosphate pools would be favourable to the failing heart [24]. This hypothesis remains untested, since elevating ribose and creatine levels were not sufficient to preserve TAN pool in our murine model of heart failure. This is in contrast to the effect of ribose in models of acute ischaemia and suggests that ribose is not rate-limiting for de novo purine nucleotide synthesis in the failing mouse heart. However, it does not rule out an effect of ribose in heart failure models where the drop in TAN pool is more profound. Other approaches to preserve TAN pool deserve to be tested, and may yet prove beneficial, for example, inhibition of 59nucleotidase to prevent nucleotide degradation, modulation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase as the rate limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway, up-regulation of adenosine kinase, and nucleotide transporter inhibitors.Figure 4. Factors influencing ejection fraction by correlation analysis. Ejection fraction assessed by MRI 8 weeks after myocardial infarction correlated well with infarct size (A), but not with myocardial total adenine nucleotides (B), or myocardial creatine levels (C). Correlation analysis and linear regression is for all groups analysed together. Group MI are untreated wild-type infarcted mice; Group MI+R are wild-type infarcted mice treated with ribose; Group MI+C+R are infarcted creatine transporter overexpressing mice treated with ribose. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066461.gmaximal velocity of the creatine kinase reaction still correlate with disease severity in the mouse despite such modest changes [31]. In our study, creatine+ribose supplementation could not prevent the significant 13 fall in TAN pool, but we cannot rule out that this approach might have been effective in attenuating a much larger fall in other species.ConclusionUsing a combination of genetic modification and supplementation we elevated ribose and creatine levels in the mouse heart. This did not prevent gradual loss of total adenine nucleotides in remote myocardium following chronic myocardial infarction and did not protect against cardiac remodelling and development of heart failure.Why did Ribose Supplementation not Maintain TAN Pool in the Failing Heart?Previous studies have shown beneficial effects in acute models of ischaemia where a large and rapid drop in TAN pool occurs as a consequence of nucleotide depletion and subsequent adenosine release [14?6]. This is very different to the slow gradual decline observed in non-ischaemic myocardium in the failing heart, for which the mechanisms are still unclear. One possibility is that suchAuthor ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: KMEF DA JES CAL SN. Performed the experiments: KMEF DJM DA LSM. Analyzed the data: KMEF DJM DA LSM JES CAL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JES. Wrote the paper: KMEF CAL SN.Ribose Treatment in Chronic Murine Heart Failure
Nanoparticles are highly promising candidates for various important biological applications, such as gene delivery [1], cellular imaging [2], and tumor therapy [3]. Meanwhile, the interaction between nanoparticles and the biological systems has received great attention since this may bring some biosafety concerns [4?]. Among numerous types of nanomaterials, carbon nanomaterials have attracted particular interests, such as typical sp2-carbon nanomaterials with hydrophobic surfaces: zero-dimen.