And 2B; Supplemental Figure 1).TNFa levels remained higher in IRAK-M2/2 cells at 24 hours post stimulation (P,0.01). IL-12p70 was also measured but were undetectable (data not shown).This is consistent with our previous observations using H. felis activation of BMDC [43].Conversely, HP-BMDCs secreted significantly less IL-10 compared to WT HP-BMDCs at all time points although levels increased steadily over the 24-hour period (Figure 2C). Cell surface analysis of activated cells showed that IRAK-M2/2 HP-BMDCs expressed higher levels of MHC II (P,0.01;Figure 3A), MedChemExpress CASIN suggesting that IRAK-M normally limits DC activation as measured by MHC II expression in response to H. pylori stimulation. Conversely, expression of the down regulatory co-receptor PD-L1 was significantly reduced in activated IRAK-M2/2 BMDC compared to WT cells (P,0.05; Figure 3B), indicating that IRAK-M normally limits the potential of DC to activate Th cells upon activation with H. pylori. Co-receptors CD86 and CD40 however remained comparable between activated IRAK-M2/2 and WT BMDC (Figures 3C and 3D). Together, these data suggest that in response to H. pylori stimulation, IRAK-M expression contributes to a lack of DC maturation and promotes a regulatory phenotype exemplified by IL-10 production.IRAK-M expression in DCs does not affect TH17 differentiation in T cellsSince TH17 cells have been shown to contribute to the gastritis seen in H. pylori infection as well as to protection against H. pylori in experimental murine vaccine models [21,44?6], we sought to determine whether the proinflammatory phenotype of IRAK-M2/ 2 BMDCs might increase TH17 activation using a DC-T cell coculture system. Studies using H. pylori stimulated BMDC cells to stimulate splenic CD4+ cells from mice infected with H. pylori showed no increase in either IFNc or IL-17 producing cells from either WT or IRAK-M2/2 mice (Supplemental Figure 2). This is consistent with the suppression that occurs in the H. pylori-specific T cell response in infected hosts. T cells from transgenic mice with a TCR specific for the OVA antigen were used to increase the frequency of responsive cells. IRAK-M2/2 BMDCs were similar to WT BMDCs in their ability to generate IL-17A+CD4+ T cells (Figure 5A and 5B). There was no difference in the number of IL17A+ T cells following OVA exposure when H. pylori activated DC from WT and IRAK-M2/2 were used as APC cells.IRAK-M2/2 BMDCs are Comparable to WT BMDCs in Generating TregsSince the balance of TH17/Tregs cells contributes to the extent of the inflammatory response in H. pylori infection [12], we also sought to determine if Treg generation is affected by the lack of IRAK-M in BMDCs using the DC-T cell co-culture system described above. The OVA TCR transgenic mice are also transgenic of FoxP3-GFP expression, providing a convenient marker for FoxP3. HP-BMDC were co-cultured with these T cells and stimulated with OVA and the activated T cells were assessed by flow cytometery for GFP (Figure 6A and6B). WT and IRAKM2/2 BMDCs did not differ in their ability to generate Tregs. To determine whether IRAK-M expression influences Treginduction in response to H. pylori in vivo, we sorted CD4+ GFP2 T cells from Foxp3-GFP C57BL/6 animals to eliminate natural Treg cells and any preexisting iTreg cells. These GFP negative cells were used for adoptive transfer into WT and IRAK-M2/2 JI 101 recipients. Recipient mice were subsequently infected with H. pylori and the amount of new FoxP3-GFP expression was d.And 2B; Supplemental Figure 1).TNFa levels remained higher in IRAK-M2/2 cells at 24 hours post stimulation (P,0.01). IL-12p70 was also measured but were undetectable (data not shown).This is consistent with our previous observations using H. felis activation of BMDC [43].Conversely, HP-BMDCs secreted significantly less IL-10 compared to WT HP-BMDCs at all time points although levels increased steadily over the 24-hour period (Figure 2C). Cell surface analysis of activated cells showed that IRAK-M2/2 HP-BMDCs expressed higher levels of MHC II (P,0.01;Figure 3A), suggesting that IRAK-M normally limits DC activation as measured by MHC II expression in response to H. pylori stimulation. Conversely, expression of the down regulatory co-receptor PD-L1 was significantly reduced in activated IRAK-M2/2 BMDC compared to WT cells (P,0.05; Figure 3B), indicating that IRAK-M normally limits the potential of DC to activate Th cells upon activation with H. pylori. Co-receptors CD86 and CD40 however remained comparable between activated IRAK-M2/2 and WT BMDC (Figures 3C and 3D). Together, these data suggest that in response to H. pylori stimulation, IRAK-M expression contributes to a lack of DC maturation and promotes a regulatory phenotype exemplified by IL-10 production.IRAK-M expression in DCs does not affect TH17 differentiation in T cellsSince TH17 cells have been shown to contribute to the gastritis seen in H. pylori infection as well as to protection against H. pylori in experimental murine vaccine models [21,44?6], we sought to determine whether the proinflammatory phenotype of IRAK-M2/ 2 BMDCs might increase TH17 activation using a DC-T cell coculture system. Studies using H. pylori stimulated BMDC cells to stimulate splenic CD4+ cells from mice infected with H. pylori showed no increase in either IFNc or IL-17 producing cells from either WT or IRAK-M2/2 mice (Supplemental Figure 2). This is consistent with the suppression that occurs in the H. pylori-specific T cell response in infected hosts. T cells from transgenic mice with a TCR specific for the OVA antigen were used to increase the frequency of responsive cells. IRAK-M2/2 BMDCs were similar to WT BMDCs in their ability to generate IL-17A+CD4+ T cells (Figure 5A and 5B). There was no difference in the number of IL17A+ T cells following OVA exposure when H. pylori activated DC from WT and IRAK-M2/2 were used as APC cells.IRAK-M2/2 BMDCs are Comparable to WT BMDCs in Generating TregsSince the balance of TH17/Tregs cells contributes to the extent of the inflammatory response in H. pylori infection [12], we also sought to determine if Treg generation is affected by the lack of IRAK-M in BMDCs using the DC-T cell co-culture system described above. The OVA TCR transgenic mice are also transgenic of FoxP3-GFP expression, providing a convenient marker for FoxP3. HP-BMDC were co-cultured with these T cells and stimulated with OVA and the activated T cells were assessed by flow cytometery for GFP (Figure 6A and6B). WT and IRAKM2/2 BMDCs did not differ in their ability to generate Tregs. To determine whether IRAK-M expression influences Treginduction in response to H. pylori in vivo, we sorted CD4+ GFP2 T cells from Foxp3-GFP C57BL/6 animals to eliminate natural Treg cells and any preexisting iTreg cells. These GFP negative cells were used for adoptive transfer into WT and IRAK-M2/2 recipients. Recipient mice were subsequently infected with H. pylori and the amount of new FoxP3-GFP expression was d.