d in triplicate. For every condition, representative images of cells at 0 and 200 minutes are presented in the panel on the right. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096786.g005 all. Our observations are consistent with an earlier study by Kvarstein [58], wherein it was shown that OXPHOS inhibition with oligomycin and antimycin only had an effect on phagocytosis when used in combination with 2-DG. Another study by Cifarelli et al. [43] showed minor inhibition of phagocytosis with sodium azide and 2�4-dinitrophenol only after 3 hours. Our findings additionally showed that OXPHOS has also a negligible role in other aspects of macrophage morphodynamics. In contrast, glucose metabolism through glycolysis (the dominating metabolic route of LPS-stimulated macrophages) was clearly indispensable. Perturbation of this pathway was achieved either by using the glycolytic inhibitor 2-DG, or by replacing PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 10 May 2014 | Volume 9 | Issue 5 | e96786 Glucose Controls Macrophage Morphodynamics PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 11 May 2014 | Volume 9 | Issue 5 | e96786 Glucose Controls Macrophage Morphodynamics Figure 6. Macrophages require glucose for phagocytosis of COZ. RAW 264.7 cells were incubated for the indicated times with control medium, or medium containing 2.5 mM oligomycin and 25 mM glucose (A&B), 10 mM 2-DG and 25 mM glucose (C&D), 10 mM galactose and no glucose (E&F), or 10 mM galactose and 1 mM glucose (G&H) and MRT-67307 biological activity pubmed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19653627 stimulated o/n with 100 ng/ml LPS. The phagocytic index (A,C,E&G) was determined by incubating cells in the respective media with FITC-labeled complement opsonized zymosan (COZ) particles for 30 min, analyzed by FACS and calculated as described in materials and methods. The internalization efficiency (B,D,F