ective LC-MS quantification of ginsenoside Rh2 epimers and the deglycosylation metabolites ginsenoside Ppd epimers The chromatograms shown in Fig. 3 demonstrated “7901789 that the present LC-MS conditions applied for analysis of Rh2 and Ppd epimers provided appropriate separation with the retention time of 6.9, 7.9, 14.2, 14.7 and 6.7 min for 20-Rh2, 20-Rh2, 20Ppd, 20-Ppd and digitoxin respectively. The specificity of the method was evaluated by screening blank biological matrix in selected ion monitoring mode, and no interference had been observed. The method showed good linearity in a range of 1 1000 nM with a correlation coefficient R2 exceeding 0.995 for the analytes. Stereoselective oral pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside Rh2 epimers in rats As seen in Fig. 4, there was significant difference in oral pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside Rh2 epimers in rats. With the same dosage for oral administration, the Cmax and AUC of 20Rh2 were 15-fold and 10-fold higher than those of 20-Rh2 respectively: the Cmax of 20-Rh2 was nearly 1000 nM while the Cmax of 20-Rh2 was no higher “7644474 than 50 nM, which suggested better oral absorption of 20-Rh2 than 20-Rh2. Furthermore, chiral inversions between ginsenoside Rh2 epimers were observed. When 20-Rh2 was orally administered, 20Rh2 was also detected in plasma, with Cmax only one eighth of 20-Rh2 and AUC only one tenth of 20-Rh2. Similarly, when 20-Rh2 was orally administered, 20-Rh2 was also detected in plasma, and the MedChemExpress R-7128 concentrations of 20-Rh2 were much lower than those of 20-Rh2. Otherwise, the deglycosylation metabolite of 20-Rh2 was also monitored in plasma when 20-Rh2 was orally administered, and the configuration of Ppd was confirmed by the standard substance of 20-Ppd. But, no Ppd was found in plasma after oral administration of 20-Rh2. Results Effects of 20-Rh2 and 20-Rh2 on oral pharmacokinetics of digoxin in rats Digoxin has been proved as a classic P-gp substrate, and its intestinal absorption is mainly restricted by P-gp. When 20-Rh2 was i.g. administered to rats prior to i.g. administration of digoxin, the oral absorption of digoxin was enhanced with increasing concentrations of 20-Rh2. The AUC and Cmax of digoxin were elevated by 1.8-fold and 1.6-fold respectively by 50 mg/kg 20-Rh2. The AUCs were calculated and listed in Effects of 20-Rh2, 20-Rh2, 20-Ppd and 20-Ppd on P-gp functions in Caco-2 cells Caco-2 cell model is a classic approach in the research of P-gp. As shown in Fig. 6A, 20-Rh2 decreased the efflux ratio of digoxin crossing Caco-2 cell monolayers in a concentrationdependent manner. However, low concentration of 20-Rh2 significantly lowered the efflux ratio of digoxin. But, with elevated concentrations of 20-Rh2, the efflux ratio of digoxin were restored. As shown in Fig. 6B, both 20-Ppd and 20-Ppd lowered the efflux ratio of digoxin across Caco-2 cell monolayers concentration-dependently. But the P-gp inhibitory effect of 20-Ppd was more pronounced than that of 20-Ppd. Effects of 20-Rh2 and 20-Rh2 on the sensitivity of MCF-7/Adr cells to adriamycin MCF-7/Adr cell line is an adriamycin resistant human breast cancer cell line. It is derived from the parental human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 by gradual adriamycin selection. Our previous study showed that it is more resistant to adriamycin compared with MCF-7. When series concentrations of adriamycin were added to MCF-7/Adr cells in the presence of 20-Rh2 or 20-Rh2, these cells exhibited differential sensitivities towards adriamycin. As seen in