Sa Albarano 1,2 , Valerio Zupo three , Marco Guida two,4 , Giovanni Libralato 1,two
Sa Albarano 1,2 , Valerio Zupo three , Marco Guida two,4 , Giovanni Libralato 1,two , Davide Caramiello 5 , Nadia
Sa Albarano 1,two , Valerio Zupo 3 , Marco Guida two,4 , Giovanni Libralato 1,2 , Davide Caramiello 5 , Nadia Ruocco 1,six and Maria Costantini 1, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; [email protected] (L.A.); [email protected] (G.L.); [email protected] (N.R.) Division of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso di Monte Sant’Angelo, By way of Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy; [email protected] Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Division of Marine Biotechnology, Villa Dohrn, Punta San Pietro, 80077 Naples, Italy; [email protected] Centro Servizi Metrologici e Tecnologici Avanzati (CeSMA), Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Through Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Division of Investigation Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources, Marine Organisms Core Facility, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; [email protected] Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Marine Biotechnology, C. da Torre Spaccata, 87071 Amendolara, Italy Correspondence: [email protected]: Albarano, L.; Zupo, V.; Guida, M.; Libralato, G.; Caramiello, D.; Ruocco, N.; Costantini, M. PAHs and PCBs Influence Functionally Intercorrelated Genes within the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus Embryos. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 12498. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms 222212498 Academic Editor: Guido R. M. M. Haenen Received: 17 October 2021 Accepted: 18 November 2021 Published: 19 NovemberAbstract: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) represent one of the most typical pollutants in the marine sediments. Earlier investigations demonstrated short-term sublethal effects of sediments polluted with each contaminants on the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus immediately after two months of exposure in mesocosms. In unique, morphological malformations observed in P. lividus embryos deriving from adults exposed to PAHs and PCBs have been explained at molecular levels by de novo transcriptome assembly and real-time qPCR, top towards the identification of many differentially expressed genes involved in crucial IL-4 Protein Formula physiological processes. Right here, we extensively explored the genes involved in the response from the sea urchin P. lividus to PAHs and PCBs. Firstly, 25 new genes had been identified and interactomic evaluation revealed that they were functionally connected among them and to numerous genes previously defined as molecular targets of response towards the two pollutants below analysis. The expression levels of those 25 genes were followed by Real Time qPCR, displaying that virtually all genes analyzed had been impacted by PAHs and PCBs. These findings represent an essential Sutezolid MedChemExpress additional step in defining the impacts of slight concentrations of such contaminants on sea urchins and, additional normally, on marine biota, growing our expertise of molecular targets involved in responses to environmental stressors. Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons; polychlorinated biphenyls; sea urchinPublisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.1. Introduction Marine organisms are permanently exposed to multiple stressors, for example climate alterations [1] and the consequential ocean acidification, deoxygenation and sea-level rise [4], all-natural toxic metabolites [71] and compounds deriving from human activities [125]. The exposure to these stressors induces marine organisms to adopt tactics against external or internal en.