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Analysis ARTICLETranscriptional Profiling of Staphylococcus aureus Throughout Growth in two M NaCl Results in Clarification of Physiological Roles for Kdp and Ktr K Uptake SystemsAlexa Price-Whelan,a Chun Kit Poon,a Meredith A. Benson,b Tess T. Eidem,c Christelle M. Roux,c Jeffrey M. Boyd,d Paul M. Dunman,c Victor J. Torres,b Terry A. KrulwichaDepartment of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USAa; Department of Microbiology, New York University College of Medicine, New York, New York, USAb; Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USAc; Division of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USAdABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus exhibits an unusually high amount of osmotolerance and Na tolerance, properties that supportsurvival in different host niches and in preserved foods. The genetic basis of these traits is not effectively understood. We compared the transcriptional profiles of S. aureus grown in complex medium with and without the need of two M NaCl. The stimulon for growth in highosmolality media and Na incorporated genes involved in uptake of K , other compatible solutes, sialic acid, and sugars; capsule biosynthesis; and amino acid and central metabolism. Quantitative PCR evaluation revealed that the loci responded differently from each and every other to higher osmolality imposed by elevated NaCl versus sucrose. High-affinity K uptake (kdp) genes and capsule biosynthesis (cap5) genes needed the two-component method KdpDE for complete induction by osmotic stress, with kdpA induced much more by NaCl and cap5B induced extra by sucrose. Focusing on K importers, we identified three S. aureus genes belonging for the TLR2 Antagonist medchemexpress lower-affinity Trk/Ktr family members that encode two membrane proteins (KtrB and KtrD) and a single accessory protein (KtrC). Inside the absence of osmotic pressure, the ktr gene transcripts had been significantly additional abundant than the kdpA transcript. Disruption of S. aureus kdpA triggered a growth defect beneath low-K conditions, disruption of ktrC resulted in a significant defect in 2 M NaCl, and also a ktrC kdpA double mutant exhibited each phenotypes. Protective effects of S. aureus Ktr transporters at elevated NaCl are consistent with previous indications that both Na and osmolality challenges are mitigated by the upkeep of a high cytoplasmic K concentration.Value There is basic agreement that the osmotolerance and Na tolerance of Staphylococcus aureus are unusually highfor a nonhalophile and support its capacity for human colonization, pathogenesis, and growth in meals.