Ering, New York Institute of Technologies, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA Correspondence
Ering, New York Institute of Technologies, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA Correspondence: [email protected]: Tharakan, S.; Khondkar, S.; Ilyas, A. Bioprinting of Stem Cells in Multimaterial Scaffolds and Their Applications in Bone Tissue Engineering. Sensors 2021, 21, 7477. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21227477 Academic Editor: Rawil Fakhrullin AAPK-25 In Vivo Received: 24 August 2021 Accepted: 5 November 2021 Published: 10 NovemberAbstract: Bioprinting stem cells into three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds has emerged as a new avenue for regenerative medicine, bone tissue engineering, and biosensor manufacturing in recent years. Mesenchymal stem cells, including adipose-derived and bone-marrow-derived stem cells, are capable of multipotent differentiation inside a 3D culture. The use of diverse printing GNE-371 DNA/RNA Synthesis solutions leads to varying effects on the bioprinted stem cells using the look of no general adverse effects. Especially, extrusion, inkjet, and laser-assisted bioprinting are three approaches that impact stem cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation potential. Each and every printing process confers benefits and disadvantages that directly influence cellular behavior. Additionally, the acquisition of 3D bioprinters has turn out to be more prominent with innovative technologies and affordability. With accessible technologies, custom 3D bioprinters with capabilities to print high-performance bioinks are made use of for biosensor fabrication. Such 3D printed biosensors are utilised to control conductivity and electrical transmission in physiological environments. After printed, the scaffolds containing the aforementioned stem cells have a significant impact on cellular behavior and differentiation. Natural polymer hydrogels and all-natural composites can impact osteogenic differentiation with some inducing chondrogenesis. Additional studies have shown enhanced osteogenesis utilizing cell-laden scaffolds in vivo. Furthermore, selective use of biomaterials can directly influence cell fate and also the quantity of osteogenesis. This review evaluates the influence of extrusion, inkjet, and laser-assisted bioprinting on adipose-derived and bone-marrow-derived stem cells in addition to the effect of incorporating these stem cells into natural and composite biomaterials. Keyword phrases: bioprinting; stem cells; composite biomaterials; osteogenesis; fracture repairPublisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.1. Introduction Bone fractures inside the United states are projected to enhance 50 by 2025. Men and women in the age group 65 to 74 are estimated to possess the fastest raise of 87 [1]. The rising rate of fractures warrants novel and innovative techniques of treatment. Autografts and allografts would be the regular clinical options, with their respective advantages and disadvantages. Bone autografts are constantly viewed as the orthopedic gold common in bone tissue transplantations. Autologous bone grafts are usually taken from the iliac crest with donor website morbidity connected together with the transplant [2]. New research, however, are examining the potential efficacy of proximal tibial grafts on account of decrease post-operative pain and equivalent healing properties to the iliac crest [3,4]. Autografts are resorbable, osteoconductive, osteoinductive, and deliver a living supply of cells [5]. Donor website morbidity and infection are frequent concerns concerning autografts [6]. In contrast to autografts, allografts need the graft from a cadaver or another individual.