Ized regions are mostly located near the lake and on the
Ized regions are mostly positioned near the lake and on the east side on the lowland course. Climate PHA-543613 Protocol inside the Ticino River watershed ranges from cold (Df, within the upland catchment) to temperate (Cf, inside the lowland catchment, including the study reach), determined by K pen climate classification [26]. Considering that 1943, the lake outflow is regulated by the Miorina Dam (Figure 1) to optimize the water use within the downstream section on the river; no water diversion takes location at this dam. Water releases via the dam depend on the water level of the lake, as outlined by limits SC-19220 References established by laws. Discharge is controlled via movable gates that are totally opened in the course of floods. The imply annual lake outflow is 280 m3 s-1 .Water 2021, 13,relevant diversion (maximum 44 m3 s for mixed irrigation and hydropower use) occurs 22 km downstream of your Panperduto Dam, by the Langosco Canal intake (active given that 1665; Figure 1). Mandatory monthly-modulated MFs are currently released under each the Panperduto Dam as well as the Langosco Canal intake. On the other hand, streamflow normally exceeds MFs in the course of the periods of higher water availability, i.e., mostly in spring on account of snow3 of 19 melt and in autumn on account of rainfall. Conversely, two periods of low flows typically occur in winter and in summer time.Lake MaggioreMiorina Dam Panperduto DamPo RiverMF1 IF1 MF2 Langosco CanalN 10 0 10 20 kmFigure 1. Study region. Position from the Ticino River, i.e., one of several primary tributaries from the Po River, in Italy (left). Detail of Figure 1. Study location. Position on the Ticino River, i.e., one of several principal tributaries with the Po River, in Italy (left). Detail with the investigated river reach (appropriate) downstream of Lake Maggiore with the Miorina and Panperduto dams, the intake from the investigated river reach (correct) downstream of Lake Maggiore using the Miorina and Panperduto dams, the intake of Langosco Canal along with the three sampling sites (MF1, IF1, and MF2); flow gauging stations along the river are indicated by Langosco Canal and also the three sampling web sites (MF1, IF1, and MF2); flow gauging stations along the river are indicated by red triangles. red triangles.We chosen three sampling internet sites (Figure 1) that Maggiore), the authorized maximum Inside the lowland course (i.e., downstream of Lake differed for the magnitude of MFs: – MF1 (Minimum Flow roughly equals the mean km) below the Panperduto cumulative water diversion 1), situated promptly (i.e., three annual outflow with the lake. Dam; at this about four km beneath the Miorina Dam water is diverted towards the western side of Particularly, website, MF varies from 4 to 11 in the MANF; – River (max. Flow s-1 ) by way of the intake with the km downstream of largely for TicinoIF1 (Increased70 m3 1, in comparison with MF1), located 15Regina Elena Canal,the Panperduto Dam. Flows at this site3are influenced by the largest off-stream diversion takes place irrigated agriculture. About km downstream, the contribution with the residual basin (the two basin area increaseDam (Figure 1),and IF1has52 kmactive due to the fact 1884, and at the moment allows at the Panperduto amongst MF1 which can be been ) and of groundwater exchange; MFsfor a maximum diversion towards the eastern side of Ticino River of roughly 60 of your river mean annual discharge (i.e., 170 m3 s-1 ), for agriculture and hydropower. A further relevant diversion (maximum 44 m3 s-1 for mixed irrigation and hydropower use) happens 22 km downstream on the Panperduto Dam, by the Langosco Canal intake (active considering the fact that 1665; Figure 1). Mandatory monthly-modulated MF.