Distinctive closures and various efficiency improvement levels. We calculated indicators for the rebound effect diverse efficiency improvement levels. We calculated twotwo indicators for the rebound effect from the macro-level and production side . The exceeds 13 BI-0115 supplier within the shortrun closures and five inside the long-run closures, suggesting that the total rebound impact is considerable in both the short- and long-run closures. The total rebound effect increases as the water efficiency improves. It is actually worth noting that the total rebound impact inside the shortrun closure is much bigger than inside the long-run closure. That is for the reason that, because the positiveWater 2021, 13,11 offrom the macro-level (R T ) and production side (R P ). The R T exceeds 13 inside the short-run closures and 5 in the long-run closures, suggesting that the total rebound impact is significant in both the short- and long-run closures. The total rebound impact increases as the water efficiency improves. It can be worth noting that the total rebound effect within the short-run closure is much bigger than inside the long-run closure. This can be because, because the positive effect on the macro-economy in the long-run closure is lower than in the short-run closure, the water demand stimulated by the financial expansion inside the former is also smaller. Consequently, enhancing water efficiency would save far more water resources in the long-run closure, creating a smaller sized total rebound effect.Table two. Rebound effect of water efficiency improvement beneath unique closures. Short-Run Closure 1 Rt Rp 13.1096 0.4310 five 13.6153 1.1811 ten 14.2236 two.0868 1 five.1443 0.1226 Long-Run Closure five five.1502 0.1296 10 five.1576 0.Supply: ORANIG model simulation.Compared with the total rebound impact, the rebound impact in the production side is a lot smaller sized. Within the short-run closure, the R P is estimated to be 0.4310, 1.1811, and two.0868 in the event the water efficiency improves by 1 , 5 , and ten , respectively. Despite the fact that the total rebound effect is significant, the rebound impact in the production side is modest. This can be because the water efficiency improvement directly reduces the water consumption on the producing sectors. This result also suggests that the total rebound effect is mainly derived in the incremental water consumption from the demand side, like households, investors, plus the UCB-5307 manufacturer government. The water efficiency improvement would lower the demand of producing sectors for water resources and minimize the price of water resources, which would boost the water consumption by households, investors, as well as the government. Therefore, the rebound impact of water efficiency improvement in the consumption side surpasses the rebound effect from the production side. In addition, the rebound effect in the production side in the short-run closure is higher than in the short-run closure. 5. Discussion The majority of the current research estimated the direct rebound effect for agriculture and irrigation systems [3,40,41], while only few studies have evaluated the economy-wide rebound effect of water efficiency improvement. Having said that, water efficiency improvement would lower the water consumption of agriculture, consequently lowering the water price tag and raising the water consumption of nonagriculture sectors and residents. Therefore, these studies may well over- or under-estimate the economic-wide rebound effect from the production side. For example, Fei et al. (2021) found that to get a water efficiency improvement by 1 , the rebound effect of agriculture is 0.4931.