Statistics see Supplementary DataNATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2019)ten:3506 | 41467-019-11408-1 | www.nature.comnaturecommunicationsARTICLEaC2da3da4da C4da A08nNATURE COMMUNICATIONS | 41467-019-11408-27H06-LexALexAop-Brpshort-mCherry; 82E12-Gal4UAS-Drep2-GFPfas3-Cybrp-sh-mCherryDrep2-GFPMerge zUAS-TaoRNAiz UAS-TaoRNAi +UAS-hTaoK2WTb400 C4da presynapses 300 200 100nsz UAS-TaoRNAi +UAS-hTaoK2 A135PwoKTa-hASUzUAS-TaoRNAic250 A08n postsynapses 200 150 one hundred 50P t wd C4da-A08n synapses nsnsens N-(3-Azidopropyl)biotinamide manufacturer Ectoptic A08n postsynapses P t wwUAS-hTa oKA1 35 P tKAoKAao-h TaTaTa-h TaoK-h ToKASAS-h-hASUUASASUUUUAS-TaoRNAiUAS-TaoRNAiU27H06-LexA LexAop-Brpshort-mCherry; 82E12-Gal4 UAS-Drep2-GFPFig. five Conserved Tao kinase activity regulates growth and connectivity. a Confocal images of larval VNC hemisegments (96 h AEL) in handle or with TaoRNAi expression in A08n neurons, without having or with co-expression of hTaoK2wt or hTaoK2A135P. Photos show anti-Fas3 immunostaining labeling C2da, C3da, and C4da sensory axons (blue), with synaptic marker expression labeling C4da presynapses (magenta), and A08n postsynapses (green). Scale bar = five . XZ projections of every channel are shown under. Scale bar = two . b Quantitative analysis of synaptic profiles in handle or with TaoRNAi expression in A08n neurons, without or with co-expression of hTaoK2wt or hTaoK2A135P for b C4da neuron presynapses, c A08n postsynapses, d C4da 08n synapses and e ectopic A08n postsynapses within the C2daC3da domain. P 0.05, P 0.01, P 0.0001 SD, ANOVA with several comparisons and Dunnett’s post-hoc test (for precise P-values and statistics see Supplementary Data 1). Handle: n = 18, UAS-TaoRNAi: n = 9, UAS-TaoRNAi + hTaoK2wt: n = 22, UAS-TaoRNAi + hTaoK2A135P: n =optogenetic actuator CsChrimson42 and monitored calcium signals in A08n neurons with or with no Tao perturbation using the calcium sensor GCaMP6m (Fig. 6c ). Below manage conditions, C3dacho neuron activation didn’t drive calcium responses in A08n (Fig. 6d, e). In contrast, activation of C3dacho neurons in larvae expressing TaoRNAi in A08n neuronsreproducibly resulted in A08n calcium responses, demonstrating that ectopic C3da and A08n synapses are functional. We also tested if loss of Tao affects functional connectivity of C4da and A08n neurons. Working with optogenetic activation of C4da neurons, we detected a important reduce in A08n neuron responses just after loss of Tao compared to controls (SupplementaryNATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2019)ten:3506 | 41467-019-11408-1 | www.nature.comnaturecommunicationsASUAS-TaoRNAi-hTaoKoKAPtNATURE COMMUNICATIONS | 41467-019-11408-ARTICLEC3da-A08n synapsesaC2da3da4daC3da presynapses82E12-Gal4AD,LexOP-syb-spGFP1-10, UAS-CD4-spGFP-11; 6.14.3-Gal4DBD,NompC-LexAfas3-Cy24 hSyb-spGFP1-recGFPMerge96 hbSyb-GRASP SynapsesUAS-TaoRNAiUAS-TaoRNAiControlUAS-TaoRNAic80 60 40 20 0 24 h 48 h72 h96 h120 h82E12-Gal4 (A08n) UAS-GCaMP6m nompC-LexA (C3dacho) LexAop-CsChrimson82E12-Gal4AD,LexOP-syb-spGFP1-10, UAS-CD4-spGFP-11 ; 6.14.3-Gal4DBD, NompC-LexAd20Fx F0 [ ]A08n responseTaoRNAieControlFmax F0 [ ]A08n response+0 0 tro ao U AS -T CSecondsFig. 6B ). These information show that loss of Tao in A08n neurons gives rise to functional ectopic connectivity with C3da sensory neurons even though partially impairing C4da 08n neuron physiological output. Ectopic connectivity alters somatosensory network function. To dissect the influence of Tao-dependent connectivity modifications, Metalaxyl Epigenetic Reader Domain weanalyzed behavioral consequences of Tao loss of function within this technique. We focu.