Nt manifestations and for post-treatment ABT-737 msds persistence of B. burgdorferi in mice. The results demonstrate that, indeed, the infection of mice with a B. burgdorferi strain that expresses both DbpA and B adhesins enables such progression of the infection that leads to arthritis development and post-treatment persistence. Results of our immunosuppression experiments suggest that the persisting material in the joints of mice infected with DbpA and B expressing bacteria and treated with ceftriaxone is DNA or DNA containing remnants rather than live bacteria.Materials and Methods B. burgdorferi strainsThe study was conducted using previously characterized B. burgdorferi strains [16]. dbpAB knock out strain, dbpAB/E22/1 (dbpAB), the DbpA and B expressing strain, dbpAB/ dbpAB/2 (dbpAB/dbpAB), the DbpA expressing strain, dbpAB/dbpA/1 (dbpAB/dbpA), and the DbpB expressing strain, dbpAB/dbpB/1 (dbpAB/dbpB) in B. burgdorferi B31 5A13 background are identical in all other aspects of their genetic composition but differ in the ability to express DbpA and/or B. The spirochetes were cultivated in Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly II (BSK II)PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0121512 March 27,2 /DbpA and B Promote Arthritis and Post-Treatment Persistence in Micemedium containing kanamycin (200 g/ml, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and gentamycin (50 g/ml, Biological Industries, Beit-Haemek, Israel) at 33 . The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ceftriaxone was determined by culturing dbpAB/dbpAB and dbpAB in two-fold dilutions of the antibiotic in BSK II medium covering a concentration range of 0.5?.002 g/ml. Dark-field microscopy was used to detect the growth of the bacteria.Ethics StatementThis study was carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations in the Finnish Act on the Use of Belinostat web animals for Experimental Purposes of Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in Finland. The protocol was approved by the National Animal Experiment Board in Finland (permission number STH619A). All efforts were done to minimize suffering of the animals.Experimental designFour weeks old female C3H/HeNhsd (C3H/He) mice (Harlan, Netherlands) were infected with 106 dbpAB/dbpAB (40 mice), dbpAB/dbpA (8 mice), dbpAB/dbpB (8 mice) or dbpAB (38 mice) bacteria by intradermal syringe inoculation in the lower back. Twelve control animals were injected with an equal volume of PBS. In experiment I (Fig. 1), four animals were infected with dbpAB/dbpAB (group 2), eight with dbpAB/dbpA (group 3), eight with dbpAB/dbpB (group 4), and two with dbpAB (group 5). Two uninfected animals (group 1) were negative controls. The development of joint manifestations was monitored by measuring the medio-lateral diameter of the hind tibiotarsal joints once a week. The measurer was blinded to the group’s identity. The mice were killed at seven weeks of infection. Tissue samples from ear, bladder and hind tibiotarsal joint were collected for culture. In experiment II, 20 animals were infected with dbpAB/dbpAB (groups 7, 9 and 11) and 20 animals with dbpAB (groups 8, 10 and 12). Two uninfected animals (group 6) were negative controls. Sixteen animals (groups 9 and 10) were treated with ceftriaxone and 16 animals (groups 11 and 12) with ceftriaxone and anti-TNF-alpha. The ceftriaxone treatment was started at two weeks and the anti-TNF-alpha treatment at seven weeks of infection. Ceftriaxone (Rocephalin1, Roche, Mannheim, Germany) was administered twice a day 25 mg/kg intraperitoneally for five days.Nt manifestations and for post-treatment persistence of B. burgdorferi in mice. The results demonstrate that, indeed, the infection of mice with a B. burgdorferi strain that expresses both DbpA and B adhesins enables such progression of the infection that leads to arthritis development and post-treatment persistence. Results of our immunosuppression experiments suggest that the persisting material in the joints of mice infected with DbpA and B expressing bacteria and treated with ceftriaxone is DNA or DNA containing remnants rather than live bacteria.Materials and Methods B. burgdorferi strainsThe study was conducted using previously characterized B. burgdorferi strains [16]. dbpAB knock out strain, dbpAB/E22/1 (dbpAB), the DbpA and B expressing strain, dbpAB/ dbpAB/2 (dbpAB/dbpAB), the DbpA expressing strain, dbpAB/dbpA/1 (dbpAB/dbpA), and the DbpB expressing strain, dbpAB/dbpB/1 (dbpAB/dbpB) in B. burgdorferi B31 5A13 background are identical in all other aspects of their genetic composition but differ in the ability to express DbpA and/or B. The spirochetes were cultivated in Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly II (BSK II)PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0121512 March 27,2 /DbpA and B Promote Arthritis and Post-Treatment Persistence in Micemedium containing kanamycin (200 g/ml, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and gentamycin (50 g/ml, Biological Industries, Beit-Haemek, Israel) at 33 . The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ceftriaxone was determined by culturing dbpAB/dbpAB and dbpAB in two-fold dilutions of the antibiotic in BSK II medium covering a concentration range of 0.5?.002 g/ml. Dark-field microscopy was used to detect the growth of the bacteria.Ethics StatementThis study was carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations in the Finnish Act on the Use of Animals for Experimental Purposes of Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in Finland. The protocol was approved by the National Animal Experiment Board in Finland (permission number STH619A). All efforts were done to minimize suffering of the animals.Experimental designFour weeks old female C3H/HeNhsd (C3H/He) mice (Harlan, Netherlands) were infected with 106 dbpAB/dbpAB (40 mice), dbpAB/dbpA (8 mice), dbpAB/dbpB (8 mice) or dbpAB (38 mice) bacteria by intradermal syringe inoculation in the lower back. Twelve control animals were injected with an equal volume of PBS. In experiment I (Fig. 1), four animals were infected with dbpAB/dbpAB (group 2), eight with dbpAB/dbpA (group 3), eight with dbpAB/dbpB (group 4), and two with dbpAB (group 5). Two uninfected animals (group 1) were negative controls. The development of joint manifestations was monitored by measuring the medio-lateral diameter of the hind tibiotarsal joints once a week. The measurer was blinded to the group’s identity. The mice were killed at seven weeks of infection. Tissue samples from ear, bladder and hind tibiotarsal joint were collected for culture. In experiment II, 20 animals were infected with dbpAB/dbpAB (groups 7, 9 and 11) and 20 animals with dbpAB (groups 8, 10 and 12). Two uninfected animals (group 6) were negative controls. Sixteen animals (groups 9 and 10) were treated with ceftriaxone and 16 animals (groups 11 and 12) with ceftriaxone and anti-TNF-alpha. The ceftriaxone treatment was started at two weeks and the anti-TNF-alpha treatment at seven weeks of infection. Ceftriaxone (Rocephalin1, Roche, Mannheim, Germany) was administered twice a day 25 mg/kg intraperitoneally for five days.

). The rupture and repair of cooperation in borderline personality disorder. Science, 321, 806?0. Knutson, B., Bossaerts, P. (2007). Neural antecedents of financial decisions. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 8174?. Kong, J., White, N.S., Kwong, K.K., et al. (2006). Using fmri to dissociate sensory encoding from cognitive evaluation of heat pain intensity. Human Brain Mapping, 27, 715?1. Kuhnen, C.M., Knutson, B. (2005). The neural basis of financial risk taking. Neuron, 47, 763?0. ???Maihofner, C., Kaltenhauser, M., Neundorfer, B., Lang, E. (2002). Temporo-Spatial analysis of cortical activation by phasic innocuous and noxious cold stimuli magnetoencephalographic study. Pain, 100, 281?0.negative anticipatory affective states that can lead to increased risk aversion (Kuhnen and Knutson, 2005; Paulus et al., 2003). Differential insula activity may correspond to the effect of temperature on the shift of risk preference, where coldness (warmth) may prime individuals to be less risk-seeking (risk-aversive) during ensuing decision process. Exploring this possibility presents a potential avenue for future research on the neural correlates of temperature priming. In sum, the present research demonstrates the behavioral and neuropsychological relation between experiences of physical temperature and decisions to trust another person. Neuroimaging techniques revealed a specific activation pattern in insula that supported both temperature perception as well as the subsequent trust decisions. These findings supplement recent AZD0156 manufacturer investigations on the embodied nature of cognition, by further demonstrating that early formed concepts concerning physical experience (e.g. cold temperature) underpin the more abstract, purchase Chaetocin analogous social and psychological concepts (e.g. cold personality) that develop later in experience (Mandler, 1992), and that these assumed associations are indeed instantiated at the neural level. Perhaps most importantly, by exploring the functional mechanism by which temperature priming occurs, this work offers new insights into the ease by which incidental features of the physical environment can influence human decisionmaking, person perception and interpersonal behavior.Conflict of Interest None declared.
doi:10.1093/scan/nssSCAN (2012) 7 743^751 ,Differential neural circuitry and self-interest in real vs hypothetical moral decisionsOriel Feldman Hall,1,2 Tim Dalgleish,1 Russell Thompson,1 Davy Evans,1,2 Susanne Schweizer,1,2 and Dean MobbsMedical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK and 2Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 1TP, UKClassic social psychology studies demonstrate that people can behave in ways that contradict their intentionsespecially within the moral domain. We measured brain activity while subjects decided between financial self-benefit (earning money) and preventing physical harm (applying an electric shock) to a confederate under both real and hypothetical conditions. We found a shared neural network associated with empathic concern for both types of decisions. However, hypothetical and real moral decisions also recruited distinct neural circuitry: hypothetical moral decisions mapped closely onto the imagination network, while real moral decisions elicited activity in the bilateral amygdala and anterior cingulateareas essential for social and affective processes. Moreover, during real moral decision-making, distinct regions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) determined whet.). The rupture and repair of cooperation in borderline personality disorder. Science, 321, 806?0. Knutson, B., Bossaerts, P. (2007). Neural antecedents of financial decisions. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 8174?. Kong, J., White, N.S., Kwong, K.K., et al. (2006). Using fmri to dissociate sensory encoding from cognitive evaluation of heat pain intensity. Human Brain Mapping, 27, 715?1. Kuhnen, C.M., Knutson, B. (2005). The neural basis of financial risk taking. Neuron, 47, 763?0. ???Maihofner, C., Kaltenhauser, M., Neundorfer, B., Lang, E. (2002). Temporo-Spatial analysis of cortical activation by phasic innocuous and noxious cold stimuli magnetoencephalographic study. Pain, 100, 281?0.negative anticipatory affective states that can lead to increased risk aversion (Kuhnen and Knutson, 2005; Paulus et al., 2003). Differential insula activity may correspond to the effect of temperature on the shift of risk preference, where coldness (warmth) may prime individuals to be less risk-seeking (risk-aversive) during ensuing decision process. Exploring this possibility presents a potential avenue for future research on the neural correlates of temperature priming. In sum, the present research demonstrates the behavioral and neuropsychological relation between experiences of physical temperature and decisions to trust another person. Neuroimaging techniques revealed a specific activation pattern in insula that supported both temperature perception as well as the subsequent trust decisions. These findings supplement recent investigations on the embodied nature of cognition, by further demonstrating that early formed concepts concerning physical experience (e.g. cold temperature) underpin the more abstract, analogous social and psychological concepts (e.g. cold personality) that develop later in experience (Mandler, 1992), and that these assumed associations are indeed instantiated at the neural level. Perhaps most importantly, by exploring the functional mechanism by which temperature priming occurs, this work offers new insights into the ease by which incidental features of the physical environment can influence human decisionmaking, person perception and interpersonal behavior.Conflict of Interest None declared.
doi:10.1093/scan/nssSCAN (2012) 7 743^751 ,Differential neural circuitry and self-interest in real vs hypothetical moral decisionsOriel Feldman Hall,1,2 Tim Dalgleish,1 Russell Thompson,1 Davy Evans,1,2 Susanne Schweizer,1,2 and Dean MobbsMedical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK and 2Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 1TP, UKClassic social psychology studies demonstrate that people can behave in ways that contradict their intentionsespecially within the moral domain. We measured brain activity while subjects decided between financial self-benefit (earning money) and preventing physical harm (applying an electric shock) to a confederate under both real and hypothetical conditions. We found a shared neural network associated with empathic concern for both types of decisions. However, hypothetical and real moral decisions also recruited distinct neural circuitry: hypothetical moral decisions mapped closely onto the imagination network, while real moral decisions elicited activity in the bilateral amygdala and anterior cingulateareas essential for social and affective processes. Moreover, during real moral decision-making, distinct regions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) determined whet.

Ed periodic nature when the gene segment distribution is considered. The data presented here make it possible to consider variations in DNA recombination of the TCR loci as a partial function of the wave-mechanical properties of the DNA double helix. These findings strengthen the argument that immune responses, such as 3′-Methylquercetin web following SCT may represent an example of an ordered dynamical system. Authors’ contributions. Ab.A.T. collected the data and did most of the calculations reported in the paper. Am.A.T. developed the idea and wrote the paper, as well as performing some of the calculations. M.R. critically reviewed and edited the manuscript. M.H.M. planned and supervised the TRB sequencing and critically reviewed and edited the manuscript.Competing interests. The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Funding. Funding for the T-cell sequencing was provided by Genzyme,the manufacturers of Thymoglobulin.Acknowledgements. The authors gratefully acknowledge Ms KassiAvent and Ms Jennifer Berrie for technical help in performing the high-throughput TRB DNA sequencing. We thank Dr CindyDesmarais and Dr Catherine Sanders at Adaptive Biotechnology, Seattle, WA, where the TRB sequencing of donor and recipient blood samples was performed.rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org
Notes Rec. (2015) 69, 419?36 doi:10.1098/rsnr.2015.0017 Published online 2 SeptemberJOHN TYNDALL’S RELIGION: A FRAGMENTby GEOFFREY CANTOR*University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UKBoth contemporaries and historians have focused on the high-profile 1874 Belfast Address in which John Tyndall was widely perceived as promulgating atheism. Although some historians have instead interpreted him as a pantheist or an Torin 1 biological activity agnostic, it is clear that any such labels do not accurately capture Tyndall’s religious position throughout his life. By contrast, this paper seeks to chart Tyndall’s religious journey from 1840 (when he was in his late teens) to the autumn of 1848 when he commenced his scientific studies at Marburg. Although he had been imbued with his father’s stern conservative Irish Protestantism and opposition to Catholicism, as a youth he seems for a time to have been attracted to Methodism. Later, however, he questioned and rejected his father’s religious views and was increasingly drawn to the more spiritual outlook of Ralph Waldo Emerson and Thomas Carlyle, along with a more radical attitude to politics. Keywords: John Tyndall; Ralph Waldo Emerson; Thomas Carlyle; Protestantism; MethodismAfter his famous–or perhaps infamous–Belfast Address at the annual meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1874, John Tyndall was widely charged with expounding the unacceptable doctrine of materialism and thus with promulgating atheism.1 Although many of Tyndall’s contemporaries and some subsequent historians have read the Belfast Address as demonstrating that Tyndall was an atheist, others have labelled him a pantheist, while others still have portrayed him as an agnostic.2 Despite disagreement over which label applies best to Tyndall, these commentators have all sought the single noun that captures the essential quality of Tyndall’s religious commitments. Yet the recurrent focus on his 1874 Address and on assigning a label to him ignores the question of his own religious journey. His upbringing was neither atheist nor pantheist nor agnostic; instead he was born into a strict Protestant3 household in County Carlow, Ireland, and brought up in the Protestant faith, sha.Ed periodic nature when the gene segment distribution is considered. The data presented here make it possible to consider variations in DNA recombination of the TCR loci as a partial function of the wave-mechanical properties of the DNA double helix. These findings strengthen the argument that immune responses, such as following SCT may represent an example of an ordered dynamical system. Authors’ contributions. Ab.A.T. collected the data and did most of the calculations reported in the paper. Am.A.T. developed the idea and wrote the paper, as well as performing some of the calculations. M.R. critically reviewed and edited the manuscript. M.H.M. planned and supervised the TRB sequencing and critically reviewed and edited the manuscript.Competing interests. The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Funding. Funding for the T-cell sequencing was provided by Genzyme,the manufacturers of Thymoglobulin.Acknowledgements. The authors gratefully acknowledge Ms KassiAvent and Ms Jennifer Berrie for technical help in performing the high-throughput TRB DNA sequencing. We thank Dr CindyDesmarais and Dr Catherine Sanders at Adaptive Biotechnology, Seattle, WA, where the TRB sequencing of donor and recipient blood samples was performed.rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org
Notes Rec. (2015) 69, 419?36 doi:10.1098/rsnr.2015.0017 Published online 2 SeptemberJOHN TYNDALL’S RELIGION: A FRAGMENTby GEOFFREY CANTOR*University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UKBoth contemporaries and historians have focused on the high-profile 1874 Belfast Address in which John Tyndall was widely perceived as promulgating atheism. Although some historians have instead interpreted him as a pantheist or an agnostic, it is clear that any such labels do not accurately capture Tyndall’s religious position throughout his life. By contrast, this paper seeks to chart Tyndall’s religious journey from 1840 (when he was in his late teens) to the autumn of 1848 when he commenced his scientific studies at Marburg. Although he had been imbued with his father’s stern conservative Irish Protestantism and opposition to Catholicism, as a youth he seems for a time to have been attracted to Methodism. Later, however, he questioned and rejected his father’s religious views and was increasingly drawn to the more spiritual outlook of Ralph Waldo Emerson and Thomas Carlyle, along with a more radical attitude to politics. Keywords: John Tyndall; Ralph Waldo Emerson; Thomas Carlyle; Protestantism; MethodismAfter his famous–or perhaps infamous–Belfast Address at the annual meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1874, John Tyndall was widely charged with expounding the unacceptable doctrine of materialism and thus with promulgating atheism.1 Although many of Tyndall’s contemporaries and some subsequent historians have read the Belfast Address as demonstrating that Tyndall was an atheist, others have labelled him a pantheist, while others still have portrayed him as an agnostic.2 Despite disagreement over which label applies best to Tyndall, these commentators have all sought the single noun that captures the essential quality of Tyndall’s religious commitments. Yet the recurrent focus on his 1874 Address and on assigning a label to him ignores the question of his own religious journey. His upbringing was neither atheist nor pantheist nor agnostic; instead he was born into a strict Protestant3 household in County Carlow, Ireland, and brought up in the Protestant faith, sha.

Inically significant levels of externalizing behaviors, with aggression and delinquency most commonly identified (Dubowitz et al., 1994), and African American and white males in kinship care have been found to be at greatest risk for juvenile delinquency (Ryan, Hong, Herz, Hernandez, 2010). In regards to internalizing problems kinship foster youth reported experiencing greater internalizing problems than nonkinship foster youth (Hegar Rosenthal, 2009). Thus, some have concluded that it is unclear whether kinship foster care has any advantage over nonkinship foster care due to the significant prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems in these youth. This conclusion is supported by research showing no significant differences between behavioral problems in kinship and nonkinship foster youth (Shore, Sim, Le Prohn, Keller, 2002). There is evidence that children in kinship foster care may fare similarly to youth in nonkinship foster homes, and that both groups show poorer mental health outcomes than youth in the general population. Mixed Oxaliplatin biological activity findings across studies may relate to the limitations of research on youth placed in out of home settings. Heterogeneity exists in the samples under investigation; some studies examine families placed into foster homes through government policy, while others include informal kinship foster placements. In addition, the reason for placement may confound findings, in that there may be a selection bias due to differences that exist between kinshipAuthor Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptJ Soc Serv Res. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 February 25.Rufa and FowlerPageand nonkinship foster youth and the prevailing reasons for their removal from the home. Research suggests caseworkers may have reservations about use kinship care due to complicated implications based in policy and family relationships (Peters, 2005). For example, youth may be less likely to be placed with relatives or other kin in instances of more serious or pervasive forms of abuse. These reasons for removal and placement may contribute to mental health outcomes, and may be related to the mixed results found when studying kinship foster youth. A recent study attempted to address the confounding role of selection bias by statistically adjusting for differential reasons for placement into out-of-home placement settings (Barth, Guo, Green, McCrae, 2007a). Findings suggested that children placed in kinship care presented AZD4547MedChemExpress AZD4547 significantly better mental health outcomes after accounting for the selective processes that contributed to placement decisions and could influence child outcomes, including child and caregiver characteristics and investigation findings. Specifically, kinship care promoted better outcomes for youth placed out of the home, especially in externalizing behavioral outcomes. Internalizing behavioral scores improved for children placed in both kinship and nonkinship care, but there was a greater improvement in children placed in kinship care. These findings are promising for the use of kinship settings; however, they represent average effects across all youth. Differential use and characteristics of kinship homes among African American youth warrant additional investigation.Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptKinship Care and African American FamiliesWhile research has suggested that kinship care may be beneficial for out-of-home placement, it is unclear.Inically significant levels of externalizing behaviors, with aggression and delinquency most commonly identified (Dubowitz et al., 1994), and African American and white males in kinship care have been found to be at greatest risk for juvenile delinquency (Ryan, Hong, Herz, Hernandez, 2010). In regards to internalizing problems kinship foster youth reported experiencing greater internalizing problems than nonkinship foster youth (Hegar Rosenthal, 2009). Thus, some have concluded that it is unclear whether kinship foster care has any advantage over nonkinship foster care due to the significant prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems in these youth. This conclusion is supported by research showing no significant differences between behavioral problems in kinship and nonkinship foster youth (Shore, Sim, Le Prohn, Keller, 2002). There is evidence that children in kinship foster care may fare similarly to youth in nonkinship foster homes, and that both groups show poorer mental health outcomes than youth in the general population. Mixed findings across studies may relate to the limitations of research on youth placed in out of home settings. Heterogeneity exists in the samples under investigation; some studies examine families placed into foster homes through government policy, while others include informal kinship foster placements. In addition, the reason for placement may confound findings, in that there may be a selection bias due to differences that exist between kinshipAuthor Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptJ Soc Serv Res. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 February 25.Rufa and FowlerPageand nonkinship foster youth and the prevailing reasons for their removal from the home. Research suggests caseworkers may have reservations about use kinship care due to complicated implications based in policy and family relationships (Peters, 2005). For example, youth may be less likely to be placed with relatives or other kin in instances of more serious or pervasive forms of abuse. These reasons for removal and placement may contribute to mental health outcomes, and may be related to the mixed results found when studying kinship foster youth. A recent study attempted to address the confounding role of selection bias by statistically adjusting for differential reasons for placement into out-of-home placement settings (Barth, Guo, Green, McCrae, 2007a). Findings suggested that children placed in kinship care presented significantly better mental health outcomes after accounting for the selective processes that contributed to placement decisions and could influence child outcomes, including child and caregiver characteristics and investigation findings. Specifically, kinship care promoted better outcomes for youth placed out of the home, especially in externalizing behavioral outcomes. Internalizing behavioral scores improved for children placed in both kinship and nonkinship care, but there was a greater improvement in children placed in kinship care. These findings are promising for the use of kinship settings; however, they represent average effects across all youth. Differential use and characteristics of kinship homes among African American youth warrant additional investigation.Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptKinship Care and African American FamiliesWhile research has suggested that kinship care may be beneficial for out-of-home placement, it is unclear.

Role-playing exercise, videos, and student worksheets. Project TND was initially created for high-risk students attending alternative or continuation higher schools. It has been adapted and tested among students attending traditional high schools also. Project TND’s lessons are presented more than a 4 to six week period. Project TND received a score of 3.1 (out of 4.0) on readiness for dissemination by NREPP. Program Components–Project TND was created to fill a gap in substance abuse prevention programming for senior higher school youth. Project TND addresses three key risk aspects for tobacco, alcohol, along with other drug use, violence-related behaviors, as well as other trouble behaviors amongst youth. These involve motivation components which include attitudes, beliefs,Kid Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. CFMTI Author manuscript; readily available in PMC 2011 July 1.Griffin and BotvinPageand expectations with regards to substance use; social, self-control, and coping skills; and decision-making expertise with an emphasis on tips on how to make decisions that cause healthpromoting behaviors. Project TND is primarily based on an underlying theoretical framework proposing that young persons at risk for substance abuse is not going to use substances if they 1) are aware of misconceptions, myths, and misleading info about drug use that results in use; two) have adequate coping, self-control, and also other capabilities that help them lower their threat for use; three) know about how substance use might have damaging consequences both in their own lives as within the lives of others; four) are aware of cessation techniques for quitting smoking and also other forms of substance use; and five) have superior decision-making capabilities and are able to make a commitment to not use substances. Plan materials for Project TND contain an implementation manual for providers covering directions for every on the 12 lessons, a video on how substance abuse can impede life ambitions, a student workbook, an optional kit containing evaluation components, the book The Social Psychology of Drug Abuse, and Project TND outcome articles. Plan Providers and Coaching Requirements–A one- to two-day instruction workshop conducted by a certified trainer is advisable for teachers prior to implementing Project TND. The instruction workshops are designed to develop the expertise that teachers have to have to provide the lessons with fidelity, and inform them from the theoretical basis, program content, instructional techniques, and objectives from the system.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptEvidence of Effectiveness–In help of your good quality of research on Project TND, the NREPP net site lists five peer-reviewed outcome papers with study populations consisting of primarily Hispanic/Latino and White youth, along with 4 replication studies. Across 3 randomized trials, students in Project TND schools exhibited a 25 reduction in rates of difficult drug use relative to students in control schools at the one-year follow-up; additionally, those who employed alcohol before the intervention exhibited a reduction in alcohol use prevalence of in between 7 and 12 relative to controls. In a study testing a revised 12session TND curriculum, students in Project TND PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20483746 schools (relative to students in handle schools) exhibited a reduction in cigarette use of 27 in the one-year follow-up and 50 at the two-year follow-up, a reduction in marijuana use of 22 in the one-year follow-up, and in the two-year follow-up students in TND schools were about one particular fifth as likel.

Sing the possibility that unrecognized biomarkers could be identified through a research approach that predicts functional capacity in this or other similar diseases. Along these lines, Davidsen and colleagues reported their recent findings using a systems biology approach to identify novel factors that promote skeletal muscle dysfunction in COPD 70. They analyzed differences in gene expression profiles in whole lung and hind limb skeletal muscle tissue harvested from swine exposed to chronic hypoxia, chronic cigarette smoke, or a combination of these factors to develop a genome-wide transcriptome (151,072 transcript sequences) relevant to COPD. These data were subjected to enriched KEGG pathway analyses, which, in turn, Shikonin site predicted that the systemic cytokines CXCL10 and CXCL9 may be important markers of dysregulated metabolic function in skeletal muscle in COPD. The investigators confirmed their hypothesis by demonstrating that circulating CXCL10/9 levels are significantly different in plasma from COPD patients as compared to healthy controls, providing evidence in support of these factors as potential biomarkers indicative of extrapulmonary end-organ damage in chronic lung disease. The mechanistic underpinnings of lung injury responses have also been addressed using a combination of network biology strategies in order to understand better the pathways resulting in Mangafodipir (trisodium) biological activity airway remodeling. In a unique experimental design, airway biopsy samples from lungs of patients exposed remotely to sulfur mustard or unexposed controls were subjected to microarray gene expression analysis and combined with genes corresponding to biological factors linked to airway remodeling identified from curated literature searches 71. From these datasets, protein-protein interaction and gene regulatory networks could be synthesized, which were ultimately merged to create functional modules. In that study,Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptWiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 July 01.Wang et al.Pagematrix remodeling proteins, particularly matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, were centrally located and well connected within the network. The observation identifying CYP11B1 (11- hydroxylase), STARD10 (steroidogenic acute regulator protein-related lipid transfer protein), and pro-fibrotic proteins (i.e., TGF-) as putative airway remodeling proteins in that analysis was consistent with findings from whole lung transcriptome analysis involving patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension 72. Moreover, these findings are in agreement with data from our laboratory 73 demonstrating activation of steroidogenesis signaling pathways, including aldosterone biosynthesis, in pulmonary vascular cells subjected to chronic hypoxia in vitro and its link to upregulation of TGF– and MMP-dependent signaling pathways that promote pulmonary vascular remodeling. Cancer biology An overarching goal of contemporary cancer therapeutics is the design of personalized drugs to match treatment targets with patients’ particular disease pathobiology. Angiogenesis and cellular plasticity are principal processes implicated in tumor growth, and, therefore, have evolved as the subject of key investigations aiming to identify targets within the framework of this personalized medicine approach. Intrinsic disorder proteins (IDPs) contain unique amino acid sequences that inhibit energetically favorable three-dimensional structures. Relati.Sing the possibility that unrecognized biomarkers could be identified through a research approach that predicts functional capacity in this or other similar diseases. Along these lines, Davidsen and colleagues reported their recent findings using a systems biology approach to identify novel factors that promote skeletal muscle dysfunction in COPD 70. They analyzed differences in gene expression profiles in whole lung and hind limb skeletal muscle tissue harvested from swine exposed to chronic hypoxia, chronic cigarette smoke, or a combination of these factors to develop a genome-wide transcriptome (151,072 transcript sequences) relevant to COPD. These data were subjected to enriched KEGG pathway analyses, which, in turn, predicted that the systemic cytokines CXCL10 and CXCL9 may be important markers of dysregulated metabolic function in skeletal muscle in COPD. The investigators confirmed their hypothesis by demonstrating that circulating CXCL10/9 levels are significantly different in plasma from COPD patients as compared to healthy controls, providing evidence in support of these factors as potential biomarkers indicative of extrapulmonary end-organ damage in chronic lung disease. The mechanistic underpinnings of lung injury responses have also been addressed using a combination of network biology strategies in order to understand better the pathways resulting in airway remodeling. In a unique experimental design, airway biopsy samples from lungs of patients exposed remotely to sulfur mustard or unexposed controls were subjected to microarray gene expression analysis and combined with genes corresponding to biological factors linked to airway remodeling identified from curated literature searches 71. From these datasets, protein-protein interaction and gene regulatory networks could be synthesized, which were ultimately merged to create functional modules. In that study,Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptWiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 July 01.Wang et al.Pagematrix remodeling proteins, particularly matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, were centrally located and well connected within the network. The observation identifying CYP11B1 (11- hydroxylase), STARD10 (steroidogenic acute regulator protein-related lipid transfer protein), and pro-fibrotic proteins (i.e., TGF-) as putative airway remodeling proteins in that analysis was consistent with findings from whole lung transcriptome analysis involving patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension 72. Moreover, these findings are in agreement with data from our laboratory 73 demonstrating activation of steroidogenesis signaling pathways, including aldosterone biosynthesis, in pulmonary vascular cells subjected to chronic hypoxia in vitro and its link to upregulation of TGF– and MMP-dependent signaling pathways that promote pulmonary vascular remodeling. Cancer biology An overarching goal of contemporary cancer therapeutics is the design of personalized drugs to match treatment targets with patients’ particular disease pathobiology. Angiogenesis and cellular plasticity are principal processes implicated in tumor growth, and, therefore, have evolved as the subject of key investigations aiming to identify targets within the framework of this personalized medicine approach. Intrinsic disorder proteins (IDPs) contain unique amino acid sequences that inhibit energetically favorable three-dimensional structures. Relati.

Ief Strategic Household Therapy is definitely an indicated system created for families in which youngsters and adolescents exhibit early substance use, rebelliousness, and/or delinquency. Family members Matters Family members Matters is usually a universal prevention system designed to stop tobacco and alcohol use in youngsters 12 to 14 years old. The system is implemented at house by parents, who acquire 4 instructional booklets which might be successively mailed towards the home together with follow-up phone calls from trained well being educators after each and every mailing. Through the telephone calls, overall health educators answer inquiries and encourage parents to (+)-α-Cyperone finish each booklet and the integrated parent-child activities. The first booklet is mailed 24 days following an introductory letter is sent to parents; well being educators telephone the parent 13 days soon after every single booklet is mailed; plus the next booklet within the series of 4 is mailed after each and every phone contact is completed. One total plan cycle is scheduled to take 79 days. Household Matters received a score of three.3 (out of 4.0) on readiness for dissemination by NREPP. Program Components–The Family Matters booklets contain readings and activities made to have households to identity and address family members qualities, behaviors, and attitudes which will influence adolescent substance use. These include levels of adult supervision and support; family rule-setting and communication; household time spent with each other; parental monitoring; family/adult substance use; the availability of substances; and social attitudes about substance use in the media and amongst peers. The four Family Matters booklets are: 1) Why Families Matter, which describes the plan and encourages participation; 2) Helping Families Matter to Teens, which discusses how loved ones elements like communication patterns and parenting types influence adolescent alcohol and tobacco use; three) Alcohol and Tobacco Rules are Loved ones Matters, which addresses challenges such as the availability of tobacco and alcohol inside the home and establishing household rules about child substance use; and 4) Non-Family Influences That Matter, which deals with non-family influences on adolescent substance use, including buddies who use along with the media. Some of the Loved ones Matters components and activities are for adult loved ones members only, though other are for adult and adolescent household members together. System Providers and Instruction Requirements–The overall health educators who conduct follow-up telephone calls just after each and every mailing is usually paid staff or volunteers. It truly is encouraged that they take part in a two-day instruction prior to creating telephone calls. They don’t interact using the adolescent as part of program delivery. Evidence of Effectiveness–In help of the quality of study on Family members Matters, the NREPP internet website lists two peer-reviewed outcome papers with study populations consistingChild Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. Author manuscript; readily available in PMC 2011 July 1.Griffin and BotvinPageof primarily White youth (no replication research had been listed). In a randomized controlled trial comparing families participating in Loved ones Matters to those not participating, findings indicated that the intervention decreased the prevalence of smoking and drinking amongst PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20484393 each users and nonusers, right after adjusting for demographic variables and pretest rates of use. Additional, these effects had been maintained at 3-and 12-month follow-up assessments, while the impact sizes had been small. The intervention decreased smoking onset among adolescents; at th.

As the population mean (Loeve, 1977). Stuttered and non-stuttered disfluencies–Our second finding that preschool-age CWS produce significantly more stuttered and non-stuttered disfluencies than CWNS corroborates findings from previous studies (Ambrose Yairi, 1999; buy Pepstatin Johnson et al., 1959; Yairi Ambrose, 2005). Whereas the frequency of stuttered disfluencies has been commonly used as a talker-group classification criterion, our data suggest that non-stuttered disfluencies could also be employed to augment decisions about talker group classification based on stuttered disfluencies. The finding that preschool-age CWS produce significantlyNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript7Present authors recognize that syllable-level measures of stuttering can be converted to word-level measures of stuttering and vice versa (Yaruss, 2001). However, this issue goes beyond the purpose and scope of the present study. J Commun Disord. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 May 01.Tumanova et al.Pagemore non-stuttered disfluencies than CWNS and that the number of non-stuttered disfluencies was a significant predictor for talker group classification provides empirical support for the notion that total number of disfluencies may be another augmentative measure useful for distinguishing between children who do and do not stutter (Adams, 1977). One seemingly apparent assumption, whether children are classified according to parental report (e.g., Boey et al., 2007; Johnson et al., 1959) or objective criteria (e.g., Pellowski Conture, 2002), is that the speech disfluencies exhibited by CWS versus those of CWNS are more dimensional (i.e., continuous) than categorical (i.e., non-continuous) in nature. Our data suggests that both talker groups produce instances of stuttered disfluencies as well as speech disfluencies not classified as stuttering. Thus, the disfluency distributions for the two talker groups overlap to some degree (something earlier discussed and/or recognized by Johnson et al., 1963). This, of course, does not mean that the two groups are identical. Neither does this overlook the fact that some individuals close to the between-group classification criterion will be challenging to classify. However, clinicians and researchers alike must make decisions about who does and who does not stutter when attempting to empirically study or clinically treat such children. One attempt to inform this decision-making process or minimize behavioral overlap between the two talker groups is the establishment of a priori criteria for talker group classification (taking into consideration empirical evidence, as well as parental, caregiver and/or professional perceptions). The present finding that the number of non-stuttered disfluencies significantly predicted talker group classification support the use of that variable as an adjunct to (but certainly not replacement for) the 3 stuttered disfluencies criterion for talker group classification. It should be noted, however, that while minimizing one type of error (e.g., false negatives) this practice may increase the chances of false positives (see Conture, 2001, Fig. 1.1, for further discussion of the issue of false positives and false negatives when classifying children as CWS vs. CWNS). At present, it seems safe to say that there are no absolute, error-free demarcations that perfectly (i.e., 100 of the time) Deslorelin web separate the two talker groups. However, as movement toward a more da.As the population mean (Loeve, 1977). Stuttered and non-stuttered disfluencies–Our second finding that preschool-age CWS produce significantly more stuttered and non-stuttered disfluencies than CWNS corroborates findings from previous studies (Ambrose Yairi, 1999; Johnson et al., 1959; Yairi Ambrose, 2005). Whereas the frequency of stuttered disfluencies has been commonly used as a talker-group classification criterion, our data suggest that non-stuttered disfluencies could also be employed to augment decisions about talker group classification based on stuttered disfluencies. The finding that preschool-age CWS produce significantlyNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript7Present authors recognize that syllable-level measures of stuttering can be converted to word-level measures of stuttering and vice versa (Yaruss, 2001). However, this issue goes beyond the purpose and scope of the present study. J Commun Disord. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 May 01.Tumanova et al.Pagemore non-stuttered disfluencies than CWNS and that the number of non-stuttered disfluencies was a significant predictor for talker group classification provides empirical support for the notion that total number of disfluencies may be another augmentative measure useful for distinguishing between children who do and do not stutter (Adams, 1977). One seemingly apparent assumption, whether children are classified according to parental report (e.g., Boey et al., 2007; Johnson et al., 1959) or objective criteria (e.g., Pellowski Conture, 2002), is that the speech disfluencies exhibited by CWS versus those of CWNS are more dimensional (i.e., continuous) than categorical (i.e., non-continuous) in nature. Our data suggests that both talker groups produce instances of stuttered disfluencies as well as speech disfluencies not classified as stuttering. Thus, the disfluency distributions for the two talker groups overlap to some degree (something earlier discussed and/or recognized by Johnson et al., 1963). This, of course, does not mean that the two groups are identical. Neither does this overlook the fact that some individuals close to the between-group classification criterion will be challenging to classify. However, clinicians and researchers alike must make decisions about who does and who does not stutter when attempting to empirically study or clinically treat such children. One attempt to inform this decision-making process or minimize behavioral overlap between the two talker groups is the establishment of a priori criteria for talker group classification (taking into consideration empirical evidence, as well as parental, caregiver and/or professional perceptions). The present finding that the number of non-stuttered disfluencies significantly predicted talker group classification support the use of that variable as an adjunct to (but certainly not replacement for) the 3 stuttered disfluencies criterion for talker group classification. It should be noted, however, that while minimizing one type of error (e.g., false negatives) this practice may increase the chances of false positives (see Conture, 2001, Fig. 1.1, for further discussion of the issue of false positives and false negatives when classifying children as CWS vs. CWNS). At present, it seems safe to say that there are no absolute, error-free demarcations that perfectly (i.e., 100 of the time) separate the two talker groups. However, as movement toward a more da.

Intimacy to develop incrementally and to disclose as trust builds is eliminated or at least burdened with the possibility of felony charges. I-CBP112 biological activity structural interventions can also compromise autonomy by imposing the interventionists’ priorities and values. In most cases, interventionists operate under the assumption that health takes precedence over any priorities that the intervention efforts replace (e.g., pleasure, relationship development, economic security). When these assumptions serve as a basis for structural interventions, the affect of which may be virtually unavoidable for those in the intervention area, the intervention effectively imposes this priority on others. Micro finance interventions are based on the assumption that individuals should welcome the opportunity to become entrepreneurs. However, many of these endeavors produced mixed results, in part because entrepreneurship is not universally desirable.97,98 Efforts to routinely test all U.S. adults can serve as Cibinetide solubility another example. While concentrating on the important goal of testing individuals for HIV infection, practitioners may persuade individuals to be tested at a time when an HIV-positive diagnosis could topple an already unstable housing or employment situation or end a primary relationship. Structural interventions can also incur risk for persons who do not consent to test. Routine HIV testing increases the likelihood that some persons will be diagnosed with HIV or another condition when they do not have health insurance. The intervention then creates a documented preexisting condition and may preclude an individual from receiving health benefits in theAIDS Behav. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 December 1.Latkin et al.Pagecontext of current insurance coverage standards. Increasing risk for individuals who have not consented to this new risk is especially of concern if the individual who is put at risk by the intervention does not receive benefit from the intervention. This occurs, for example, with criminal HIV disclosure laws, which increase the risk of unwanted secondary disclosure of HIV-positive persons’ serostatus by requiring disclosure if they want to engage in sex. Because structural interventions make system wide changes, there is the risk that intervening factors may produce unanticipated and potentially deleterious outcomes. These outcomes may not only be difficult to anticipate, they may be difficult to neutralize or to control. Public trust, once called into question, especially by persons who occupy marginal positions in society, may be exceedingly difficult to regain. The collective memory of a community is a significant structure in itself. Methods to Study Structural Factors The broad scope and complex nature of structural factors and structural interventions create myriad challenges for research. Studies of structural factors affecting HIV-related behavior have fallen into three general categories. The first approach is to assess the impact of structural interventions at the macro, meso, and micro levels that were not initially designed to change HIV-related behaviors directly. The second is to assess structural factors that shape the context and processes of the epidemic and its eradication. A third approach includes experimental tests of the effects of structural interventions specifically designed to reduce the transmission and impact of HIV. One example of the first approach is to assess the impact of district-wide interventions to redu.Intimacy to develop incrementally and to disclose as trust builds is eliminated or at least burdened with the possibility of felony charges. Structural interventions can also compromise autonomy by imposing the interventionists’ priorities and values. In most cases, interventionists operate under the assumption that health takes precedence over any priorities that the intervention efforts replace (e.g., pleasure, relationship development, economic security). When these assumptions serve as a basis for structural interventions, the affect of which may be virtually unavoidable for those in the intervention area, the intervention effectively imposes this priority on others. Micro finance interventions are based on the assumption that individuals should welcome the opportunity to become entrepreneurs. However, many of these endeavors produced mixed results, in part because entrepreneurship is not universally desirable.97,98 Efforts to routinely test all U.S. adults can serve as another example. While concentrating on the important goal of testing individuals for HIV infection, practitioners may persuade individuals to be tested at a time when an HIV-positive diagnosis could topple an already unstable housing or employment situation or end a primary relationship. Structural interventions can also incur risk for persons who do not consent to test. Routine HIV testing increases the likelihood that some persons will be diagnosed with HIV or another condition when they do not have health insurance. The intervention then creates a documented preexisting condition and may preclude an individual from receiving health benefits in theAIDS Behav. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 December 1.Latkin et al.Pagecontext of current insurance coverage standards. Increasing risk for individuals who have not consented to this new risk is especially of concern if the individual who is put at risk by the intervention does not receive benefit from the intervention. This occurs, for example, with criminal HIV disclosure laws, which increase the risk of unwanted secondary disclosure of HIV-positive persons’ serostatus by requiring disclosure if they want to engage in sex. Because structural interventions make system wide changes, there is the risk that intervening factors may produce unanticipated and potentially deleterious outcomes. These outcomes may not only be difficult to anticipate, they may be difficult to neutralize or to control. Public trust, once called into question, especially by persons who occupy marginal positions in society, may be exceedingly difficult to regain. The collective memory of a community is a significant structure in itself. Methods to Study Structural Factors The broad scope and complex nature of structural factors and structural interventions create myriad challenges for research. Studies of structural factors affecting HIV-related behavior have fallen into three general categories. The first approach is to assess the impact of structural interventions at the macro, meso, and micro levels that were not initially designed to change HIV-related behaviors directly. The second is to assess structural factors that shape the context and processes of the epidemic and its eradication. A third approach includes experimental tests of the effects of structural interventions specifically designed to reduce the transmission and impact of HIV. One example of the first approach is to assess the impact of district-wide interventions to redu.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 19 Definition of the genus Pristinamycin IAMedChemExpress Mikamycin B Apanteles sensu stricto …………………………………………… 19 Species formerly described as Apanteles but here excluded from the genus …….. 22 Dolichogenidea hedyleptae (Muesebeck, 1958), comb. n. ……………………….. 22 Dolichogenidea politiventris (Muesebeck, 1958), comb. n. ……………………… 22 Iconella albinervis (Tobias, 1964), stat rev. ………………………………………….. 22 Illidops scutellaris (Muesebeck, 1921), comb. rev………………………………….. 23 Rhygoplitis sanctivincenti (Ashmead, 1900), comb. n. …………………………… 24 ACG species wrongly assigned to Apanteles in the past ………………………………. 25 General comments on the biology and morphology of Apanteles in Mesoamerica ….25 Species groups of Mesoamerican Apanteles ……………………………………………….. 27 Key to the species-groups of Mesoamerican Apanteles ………………………………… 35 adelinamoralesae LLY-507 cancer species-group …………………………………………………………. 45 adrianachavarriae species-group ……………………………………………………….. 48 adrianaguilarae species-group …………………………………………………………… 50 alejandromorai species-group ……………………………………………………………. 51 anabellecordobae species-group …………………………………………………………. 53 anamarencoae species-group …………………………………………………………….. 55 arielopezi species-group …………………………………………………………………… 56 ater species-group …………………………………………………………………………… 56 bernyapui species-group…………………………………………………………………… 58 bienvenidachavarriae species-group ……………………………………………………. 59 calixtomoragai species-group …………………………………………………………….. 59 carlosguadamuzi species-group ………………………………………………………….. 61 carlosrodriguezi species-group …………………………………………………………… 62 carloszunigai species-group ………………………………………………………………. 63 carpatus species-group …………………………………………………………………….. 63 coffeellae species-group ……………………………………………………………………. 64 diatraeae species-group ……………………………………………………………………. 65 dickyui species-group ………………………………………………………………………. 66 erickduartei species-group ………………………………………………………………… 66 glenriverai species-group ………………………………………………………………….. 68 guadaluperodriguezae species-group …………………………………………………… 68 humbertolopezi species-group……………………………………………………………. 69 isidrochaconi species-group ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19 Definition of the genus Apanteles sensu stricto …………………………………………… 19 Species formerly described as Apanteles but here excluded from the genus …….. 22 Dolichogenidea hedyleptae (Muesebeck, 1958), comb. n. ……………………….. 22 Dolichogenidea politiventris (Muesebeck, 1958), comb. n. ……………………… 22 Iconella albinervis (Tobias, 1964), stat rev. ………………………………………….. 22 Illidops scutellaris (Muesebeck, 1921), comb. rev………………………………….. 23 Rhygoplitis sanctivincenti (Ashmead, 1900), comb. n. …………………………… 24 ACG species wrongly assigned to Apanteles in the past ………………………………. 25 General comments on the biology and morphology of Apanteles in Mesoamerica ….25 Species groups of Mesoamerican Apanteles ……………………………………………….. 27 Key to the species-groups of Mesoamerican Apanteles ………………………………… 35 adelinamoralesae species-group …………………………………………………………. 45 adrianachavarriae species-group ……………………………………………………….. 48 adrianaguilarae species-group …………………………………………………………… 50 alejandromorai species-group ……………………………………………………………. 51 anabellecordobae species-group …………………………………………………………. 53 anamarencoae species-group …………………………………………………………….. 55 arielopezi species-group …………………………………………………………………… 56 ater species-group …………………………………………………………………………… 56 bernyapui species-group…………………………………………………………………… 58 bienvenidachavarriae species-group ……………………………………………………. 59 calixtomoragai species-group …………………………………………………………….. 59 carlosguadamuzi species-group ………………………………………………………….. 61 carlosrodriguezi species-group …………………………………………………………… 62 carloszunigai species-group ………………………………………………………………. 63 carpatus species-group …………………………………………………………………….. 63 coffeellae species-group ……………………………………………………………………. 64 diatraeae species-group ……………………………………………………………………. 65 dickyui species-group ………………………………………………………………………. 66 erickduartei species-group ………………………………………………………………… 66 glenriverai species-group ………………………………………………………………….. 68 guadaluperodriguezae species-group …………………………………………………… 68 humbertolopezi species-group……………………………………………………………. 69 isidrochaconi species-group …………………………………..