Ociated with specializing in violence, combining theft with violence, and combining drug sales with violence, in addition to gang membership. The association differed depending on the outcomes, however. Black, compared to non-Black, young men were less likely to specialize in Leupeptin (hemisulfate) molecular weight serious violence or to combine serious theft and serious violence. In contrast, Black, compared to non-Black, young men were more likely to combine drug sales with violence and to participate in gangs (especially in the mid 1990s). Race was not significantly associated with the chances of boys’ combining all three types of serious delinquency. Unique covariates–In addition to the moderated associations already discussed, youth’s reading scores and youth’s antisocial activities at baseline (the latter was moderated by cohort) were associated with active gang membership. Specifically, youth with lower, compared to higher, reading scores at baseline were more likely to join a gang. In the oldest cohort, boys who reported higher antisocial activities at baseline were more likely to later join gangs. In contrast, for the youngest cohort, self-reported antisocial activities at baseline were unrelated to later gang participation.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptDiscussionIn this paper, we examined the extent to which gang members and non-members from the PYS combined drug selling, serious theft, and serious violence or specialized in one type of serious delinquency. Our results Carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazoneMedChemExpress FCCP extend prior studies by demonstrating that gang members’ elevated delinquency is concentrated in two combinations: (a) drug selling and serious violence or (b) drug selling, serious theft, and serious violence. By focusing on young menJ Res Adolesc. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 June 01.Gordon et al.Pagewho were ever seriously delinquent, we also sharpened the comparison group from prior studies, which have often included non-delinquents. The evidence for particular forms of multi-type delinquency is consistent with gangs using violence in instrumental ways, as a means to make money either by protecting drug territory or by supporting the acquisition and selling of stolen goods as well as drugs, at least in Pittsburgh in the 1990s. We cannot say whether the results would extend to other cities in the period, or to contemporary times, and encourage future attempts to examine multiple aspects of serious delinquency in a single study and to identify the co-occurrence of those behaviors. We also found that several risk factors were related to both gang membership and the multitype serious delinquency most associated with gang membership (drug selling and serious violence; drug selling, serious theft, and serious violence); relationships differed for boys who specialized in serious violence and those who combined serious violence with serious theft. These results suggest that young men drawn into gangs and into combining extreme violence with drug selling or with both drug selling and serious theft may share common developmental, familial, and contextual risks. For instance, gang activity peaked in the middle 1990s for boys whose parents had less than a high school education; and, ganginvolved youth were most likely to combine drug sales with serious violence in this historical period. Moving to a new neighborhood was also associated with multi-type delinquency and gang entry, highlighting the challenges that youth from poor urban neighborhoods may fa.Ociated with specializing in violence, combining theft with violence, and combining drug sales with violence, in addition to gang membership. The association differed depending on the outcomes, however. Black, compared to non-Black, young men were less likely to specialize in serious violence or to combine serious theft and serious violence. In contrast, Black, compared to non-Black, young men were more likely to combine drug sales with violence and to participate in gangs (especially in the mid 1990s). Race was not significantly associated with the chances of boys’ combining all three types of serious delinquency. Unique covariates–In addition to the moderated associations already discussed, youth’s reading scores and youth’s antisocial activities at baseline (the latter was moderated by cohort) were associated with active gang membership. Specifically, youth with lower, compared to higher, reading scores at baseline were more likely to join a gang. In the oldest cohort, boys who reported higher antisocial activities at baseline were more likely to later join gangs. In contrast, for the youngest cohort, self-reported antisocial activities at baseline were unrelated to later gang participation.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptDiscussionIn this paper, we examined the extent to which gang members and non-members from the PYS combined drug selling, serious theft, and serious violence or specialized in one type of serious delinquency. Our results extend prior studies by demonstrating that gang members’ elevated delinquency is concentrated in two combinations: (a) drug selling and serious violence or (b) drug selling, serious theft, and serious violence. By focusing on young menJ Res Adolesc. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 June 01.Gordon et al.Pagewho were ever seriously delinquent, we also sharpened the comparison group from prior studies, which have often included non-delinquents. The evidence for particular forms of multi-type delinquency is consistent with gangs using violence in instrumental ways, as a means to make money either by protecting drug territory or by supporting the acquisition and selling of stolen goods as well as drugs, at least in Pittsburgh in the 1990s. We cannot say whether the results would extend to other cities in the period, or to contemporary times, and encourage future attempts to examine multiple aspects of serious delinquency in a single study and to identify the co-occurrence of those behaviors. We also found that several risk factors were related to both gang membership and the multitype serious delinquency most associated with gang membership (drug selling and serious violence; drug selling, serious theft, and serious violence); relationships differed for boys who specialized in serious violence and those who combined serious violence with serious theft. These results suggest that young men drawn into gangs and into combining extreme violence with drug selling or with both drug selling and serious theft may share common developmental, familial, and contextual risks. For instance, gang activity peaked in the middle 1990s for boys whose parents had less than a high school education; and, ganginvolved youth were most likely to combine drug sales with serious violence in this historical period. Moving to a new neighborhood was also associated with multi-type delinquency and gang entry, highlighting the challenges that youth from poor urban neighborhoods may fa.