Pan [8]. IPS were cultured as previously described [9]. The iPS were successfully induced to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells with functions resembling primary hepatocytes (Supplementary Methods and Results S1, Fig. S1 2). Mouse none-transformed hepatocyte cell line, AML12 (ATCC CRL-2254), was grown in 10 DMEM. In co-culture experiment, hepatocytes (36104 cells) were placed on the bottom. CCl4 at concentration of 2.0 mM was used to induce approximately 50 death of hepatocytes after 24 h. The iPS placed on the cell-culture inserts (0.4 mm, Transwell) at density of 1 , 3 or 10 of hepatocyte’s numbers were transferred at 4 h post-injury and co-incubated 12926553 until 24 h. For rIP-10 study, AML12 hepatocytes were seeded on 24-well plates at the same density. The rIP-10 (0.5 ng or 5 ng/ml) was given at 4 h post-injury. The viability of AML12 hepatocytes was evaluated at 24 h by methyl thiazol tetrazolium (MTT, Sigma) assay [37].RNA Extraction, and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain ReactionTotal RNA was isolated using TRIzol reagent (Sigma). One mg total RNA was reverse-transcribed to cDNA by MMLV high performance reverse transcriptase (Epicentre, WI) with random primers. The primers used were listed in table (Table S1). Quantitative real-time PCR was performed using Fast SYBR green PCR Master Mix according to the GHRH (1-29) web manufacturer’s instructions (7900HT, Applied Biosystems, CA).Histological Quantification of Liver 301353-96-8 web InjuryThe paraffin sections of livers were stained by hematoxylineosin (H.E) stain and photo-taken under microscopy at 406 magnification to evaluate the degree of injury. Necrotic area were determined by measuring five independent fields per liver using a computerized morphometry system (MicroCam, M T OPTICS, Taiwan) and expressed as percentage of the filed area.Western BlottingTissue lysates were prepared in a buffer containing 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 0.25 deoxychoic acid, 1 NP40, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM Na orthovanadate, 1 mM Na fluoride, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfony fluoride, 1 ug/ml aprotinin, 1 ug/ml leupeptin and 1 ug/ml peptstain, on ice as described before [37]. The concentrations of sample proteins were determined using the Protein Assay kit (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). Specific amounts of total protein were subjected to 10 SDS?PAGE gel electrophoresis and then transferred to PVDFDetection of Proliferating HepatocytesAt 2 h prior to sacrifice, mice were injected with 5-bromo-29deoxyuridine (BrdU, 50 mg/kg, i.p., Sigma). The peroxidasecoupled mouse monoclonal anti-BrdU (DAKO, M0744) and antiKi67 (DAKO, M7249) were used in subsequent immunohistochemistry study for detecting proliferative hepatocytes. Ten pictures of the interested areas (different portal and central veinIP-10 in Liver Injury Post iPS Transplantationmembranes. Membranes were blocked with 5 non-fat milk and incubated overnight at 4uC with primary antibodies. The membranes were then washed in Tris-buffered saline Tween-20 (TBST) for 5 times and then incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody for 2 h at room temperature. The membrane was then washed for six times by TBST and specific bands were visualized by ECL (Pierce Biotechnology, Rockford, IL) and captured with a digital image system (ChemiGenius2 photo-documentation system, Syngenes, Cambridge, UK).Figure S2 Functional characterization and immunoflu-orescence (IF) staining of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells. (A) Phase contrast and IF images s.Pan [8]. IPS were cultured as previously described [9]. The iPS were successfully induced to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells with functions resembling primary hepatocytes (Supplementary Methods and Results S1, Fig. S1 2). Mouse none-transformed hepatocyte cell line, AML12 (ATCC CRL-2254), was grown in 10 DMEM. In co-culture experiment, hepatocytes (36104 cells) were placed on the bottom. CCl4 at concentration of 2.0 mM was used to induce approximately 50 death of hepatocytes after 24 h. The iPS placed on the cell-culture inserts (0.4 mm, Transwell) at density of 1 , 3 or 10 of hepatocyte’s numbers were transferred at 4 h post-injury and co-incubated 12926553 until 24 h. For rIP-10 study, AML12 hepatocytes were seeded on 24-well plates at the same density. The rIP-10 (0.5 ng or 5 ng/ml) was given at 4 h post-injury. The viability of AML12 hepatocytes was evaluated at 24 h by methyl thiazol tetrazolium (MTT, Sigma) assay [37].RNA Extraction, and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain ReactionTotal RNA was isolated using TRIzol reagent (Sigma). One mg total RNA was reverse-transcribed to cDNA by MMLV high performance reverse transcriptase (Epicentre, WI) with random primers. The primers used were listed in table (Table S1). Quantitative real-time PCR was performed using Fast SYBR green PCR Master Mix according to the manufacturer’s instructions (7900HT, Applied Biosystems, CA).Histological Quantification of Liver InjuryThe paraffin sections of livers were stained by hematoxylineosin (H.E) stain and photo-taken under microscopy at 406 magnification to evaluate the degree of injury. Necrotic area were determined by measuring five independent fields per liver using a computerized morphometry system (MicroCam, M T OPTICS, Taiwan) and expressed as percentage of the filed area.Western BlottingTissue lysates were prepared in a buffer containing 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 0.25 deoxychoic acid, 1 NP40, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM Na orthovanadate, 1 mM Na fluoride, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfony fluoride, 1 ug/ml aprotinin, 1 ug/ml leupeptin and 1 ug/ml peptstain, on ice as described before [37]. The concentrations of sample proteins were determined using the Protein Assay kit (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). Specific amounts of total protein were subjected to 10 SDS?PAGE gel electrophoresis and then transferred to PVDFDetection of Proliferating HepatocytesAt 2 h prior to sacrifice, mice were injected with 5-bromo-29deoxyuridine (BrdU, 50 mg/kg, i.p., Sigma). The peroxidasecoupled mouse monoclonal anti-BrdU (DAKO, M0744) and antiKi67 (DAKO, M7249) were used in subsequent immunohistochemistry study for detecting proliferative hepatocytes. Ten pictures of the interested areas (different portal and central veinIP-10 in Liver Injury Post iPS Transplantationmembranes. Membranes were blocked with 5 non-fat milk and incubated overnight at 4uC with primary antibodies. The membranes were then washed in Tris-buffered saline Tween-20 (TBST) for 5 times and then incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody for 2 h at room temperature. The membrane was then washed for six times by TBST and specific bands were visualized by ECL (Pierce Biotechnology, Rockford, IL) and captured with a digital image system (ChemiGenius2 photo-documentation system, Syngenes, Cambridge, UK).Figure S2 Functional characterization and immunoflu-orescence (IF) staining of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells. (A) Phase contrast and IF images s.