Sociates with two copies of a kinetochore-proximal target which may be pH2AT120. Presumably the monomeric CPC-kinetochore interaction is too weak to allow stable PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19850648 association via a single binding surface. Our FRAP experiments using full-length Borealin-GFP in 5Itutreated cells showed a faster BHI1 exchange than untreated cells. Most likely, this condition measures the exchange of the kinetochore-proximal CPC pool. The detection of CPC near the kinetochore may have important consequences for error correction. Chromosomes under tension show undetectable levels of CPC at the kinetochore. Our experiments have been carried out in the presence of spindle toxins which may be responsible for the localization pattern observed. The presence of CPC members near kinetochores is not unprecedented as phosphorylated Aurora B has been detected near kinetochores 40,41. In any case, the kinetochore-proximal pool is most evident in cells DHA exposed to 5Itu which presumably removes most of the inner centromere pool bound to pH3T3. Considering the spatial gradient model of CPC function, even small amounts of kinetochore-localized CPC might have dramatic effects on microtubule binding and checkpoint activation. To test this idea we took advantage of monomeric Borealin1-221 which does not efficiently bind kinetochores when pH3T3 is depleted by 5Itu. When Borealin1-221 overexpression was combined with 5Itu, the taxol arrest was weaker than with either condition alone. 5Itu is likely inefficient due to residual CPC at the kinetochore. Borealin1-221 in the absence of 5Itu still localizes to centromeres, likely via stronger binding of the monomer to pH3T3. This explains why this truncated protein is not an efficient dominant-negative as long as pH3T3 is present. Combining Borealin1-221 and 5Itu removes both the centromere and kinetochore pools of CPC to provide more efficient checkpoint override. Our inhibitor and staining studies combined with published literature are consistent with CPC binding to pH3T3 at the inner centromere and possibly Sgo/pH2AT120 at the kinetochore 18,19,4247. However, several lines of evidence argue against Sgo/pH2AT120 as the receptor for residual CPC found at the kinetochore. For example, Borealin localization can be uncoupled form pH2AT120 when cells are exposed to 5Itu in combination with either reversine or ZM447439. Also, a recent study has uncovered a Borealin-HP1 interaction that may contribute to kinetochore localization48. Furthermore, under conditions of low inter-kinetochore tension, such as during a nocodazole block, Sgo1 binds to cohesin in place of pH2AT120. 33 In the context of our results, Sgo1/2 binding to cohesin is unlikely to explain the kinetochore-proximal localization of Borealin in 5Itu-treated cells simply due to its location near the kinetochore and not inner centromere. In addition, in untreated cells the inner centromere localization of Borealin truncations we have observed occur with the minimal INCENP/Survivin binding region, and most likely occur via binding to pH3T3. It is also possible that CPC is recruited to pH2AT120 at the kinetochore in an Sgo1/2-independent manner. Nat Commun. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 October 09. Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Bekier et al. Page 10 In conclusion, Borealin dimerization is critical for suppressing dynamic exchange at inner centromeres, localization to kinetochores, and maximum function of the CPC. In addition, monomeric.Sociates with two copies of a kinetochore-proximal target which may be pH2AT120. Presumably the monomeric CPC-kinetochore interaction is too weak to allow stable PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19850648 association via a single binding surface. Our FRAP experiments using full-length Borealin-GFP in 5Itutreated cells showed a faster exchange than untreated cells. Most likely, this condition measures the exchange of the kinetochore-proximal CPC pool. The detection of CPC near the kinetochore may have important consequences for error correction. Chromosomes under tension show undetectable levels of CPC at the kinetochore. Our experiments have been carried out in the presence of spindle toxins which may be responsible for the localization pattern observed. The presence of CPC members near kinetochores is not unprecedented as phosphorylated Aurora B has been detected near kinetochores 40,41. In any case, the kinetochore-proximal pool is most evident in cells exposed to 5Itu which presumably removes most of the inner centromere pool bound to pH3T3. Considering the spatial gradient model of CPC function, even small amounts of kinetochore-localized CPC might have dramatic effects on microtubule binding and checkpoint activation. To test this idea we took advantage of monomeric Borealin1-221 which does not efficiently bind kinetochores when pH3T3 is depleted by 5Itu. When Borealin1-221 overexpression was combined with 5Itu, the taxol arrest was weaker than with either condition alone. 5Itu is likely inefficient due to residual CPC at the kinetochore. Borealin1-221 in the absence of 5Itu still localizes to centromeres, likely via stronger binding of the monomer to pH3T3. This explains why this truncated protein is not an efficient dominant-negative as long as pH3T3 is present. Combining Borealin1-221 and 5Itu removes both the centromere and kinetochore pools of CPC to provide more efficient checkpoint override. Our inhibitor and staining studies combined with published literature are consistent with CPC binding to pH3T3 at the inner centromere and possibly Sgo/pH2AT120 at the kinetochore 18,19,4247. However, several lines of evidence argue against Sgo/pH2AT120 as the receptor for residual CPC found at the kinetochore. For example, Borealin localization can be uncoupled form pH2AT120 when cells are exposed to 5Itu in combination with either reversine or ZM447439. Also, a recent study has uncovered a Borealin-HP1 interaction that may contribute to kinetochore localization48. Furthermore, under conditions of low inter-kinetochore tension, such as during a nocodazole block, Sgo1 binds to cohesin in place of pH2AT120. 33 In the context of our results, Sgo1/2 binding to cohesin is unlikely to explain the kinetochore-proximal localization of Borealin in 5Itu-treated cells simply due to its location near the kinetochore and not inner centromere. In addition, in untreated cells the inner centromere localization of Borealin truncations we have observed occur with the minimal INCENP/Survivin binding region, and most likely occur via binding to pH3T3. It is also possible that CPC is recruited to pH2AT120 at the kinetochore in an Sgo1/2-independent manner. Nat Commun. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 October 09. Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Bekier et al. Page 10 In conclusion, Borealin dimerization is critical for suppressing dynamic exchange at inner centromeres, localization to kinetochores, and maximum function of the CPC. In addition, monomeric.