Riefly, recombinant human MIC-1/GDF15 was expressed and purified to homogeneity from conditioned medium of the yeast Pichia pastoris that is free from LPS. The monoclonal antibody against human MIC1/ GDF15 (mAb-26) was purified by protein G affinity chromatography.Materials and MethodsAll procedures were approved and performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Garvan Institute and St. Vincent’sMIC-1/GDF15 Regulates Appetite and Body WeightFigure 2. Lack of MIC-1 signaling alters the regulation of body fat depots. (A) Whole body lean mass and (B) fat mass was determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 15 mice per group at 12?4 weeks of age. Female MIC-12/2 mice had lower lean mass relative to control mice (p,0.01, n = 15/group, t-test), Both male and female MIC-12/2 mice had significantly higher fat depot mases compared to synergic control (male p,0.01, female p = 0.04, n = 15/group, t-test). Mass of individual white adipose tissue depots were measured in (C) male and (D) female mice (n = 9/ group) aged between 14?6 weeks. Fat masses, namely inguinal, epididymal (Epididy), mesenteric (Mesent), retroperitoneal (Retrop), and total white adipose tissue (WATt) were normalized to body weight. In both male and female MIC-12/2 mice, WATt 15900046 depots were significantly higher than the synergic control (male p,0.01, female p = 0.02, n = 9/group, t-test). Data are means 6 SE. Significance indicated as ( ) for p,0.05 or ( ) for p,0.01. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055174.gIndirect CalorimetryIndirect calorimetry was performed in age matched mice at 12?16 weeks of age using an eight-chamber open-circuit calorimeter (Oxymax Series; Columbus Instruments, Columbus, OH, USA). Mice were weighed and singly housed in Plexiglass cages (20.1610.1612.7 cm) and were left to acclimatized for 24 h before commencement of 48 h-recordings. Oxygen consumption (Vo2) and carbon dioxide (Vco2) were measured every 15 min. The respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was calculated as the quotient of Vco2/Vo2, with an RER of 1 indicating 100 carbohydrate oxidation and an RER of 0.7 indicating 100 fat oxidation [18]. Energy expenditure was measured as production of kcal of heat and was calculated as Calorific Value (CV) 6 Vo2, where CV is 3.815+1.232 6 25331948 RER [19]. Data for the 24-h monitoring period was averaged for 1-h intervals for RER and energy expenditure (kcal/h). Ambulatory activity was recorded with an OPTO-M3 infrared beam sensor system (Columbus Instruments, Columbus, OH). The senor beams were aligned on both x and y-axes directions. Data was collected at 1 min intervals at the same time as the indirect calorimetry measurements. The recording of ambulatory activity (locomotion) only counts the broken beam when a CB-5083 consecutive adjacent beam is broken, and does not include the same beam being broken repeatedly [20]. The total counts of x and y-axes for every 1-h interval from individual mouse were used for analysis of ambulatory activity.Measurement of Body Bexagliflozin CompositionWhole body fat mass and lean mass were measured in MIC-12/ and control mice at 12?4 weeks of age. Animals were subjected to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA; PIXImus2 mouse densitometer; GE Health-care, Waukesha, WI) after anesthetized with isoflurane. The head and the tail were excluded from all the measurements.Tissue CollectionUpon completion of metabolic and body composition measurements, mice at 14?6 weeks of age were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Muscles (gastrocnemius and tibialis.Riefly, recombinant human MIC-1/GDF15 was expressed and purified to homogeneity from conditioned medium of the yeast Pichia pastoris that is free from LPS. The monoclonal antibody against human MIC1/ GDF15 (mAb-26) was purified by protein G affinity chromatography.Materials and MethodsAll procedures were approved and performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Garvan Institute and St. Vincent’sMIC-1/GDF15 Regulates Appetite and Body WeightFigure 2. Lack of MIC-1 signaling alters the regulation of body fat depots. (A) Whole body lean mass and (B) fat mass was determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 15 mice per group at 12?4 weeks of age. Female MIC-12/2 mice had lower lean mass relative to control mice (p,0.01, n = 15/group, t-test), Both male and female MIC-12/2 mice had significantly higher fat depot mases compared to synergic control (male p,0.01, female p = 0.04, n = 15/group, t-test). Mass of individual white adipose tissue depots were measured in (C) male and (D) female mice (n = 9/ group) aged between 14?6 weeks. Fat masses, namely inguinal, epididymal (Epididy), mesenteric (Mesent), retroperitoneal (Retrop), and total white adipose tissue (WATt) were normalized to body weight. In both male and female MIC-12/2 mice, WATt 15900046 depots were significantly higher than the synergic control (male p,0.01, female p = 0.02, n = 9/group, t-test). Data are means 6 SE. Significance indicated as ( ) for p,0.05 or ( ) for p,0.01. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055174.gIndirect CalorimetryIndirect calorimetry was performed in age matched mice at 12?16 weeks of age using an eight-chamber open-circuit calorimeter (Oxymax Series; Columbus Instruments, Columbus, OH, USA). Mice were weighed and singly housed in Plexiglass cages (20.1610.1612.7 cm) and were left to acclimatized for 24 h before commencement of 48 h-recordings. Oxygen consumption (Vo2) and carbon dioxide (Vco2) were measured every 15 min. The respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was calculated as the quotient of Vco2/Vo2, with an RER of 1 indicating 100 carbohydrate oxidation and an RER of 0.7 indicating 100 fat oxidation [18]. Energy expenditure was measured as production of kcal of heat and was calculated as Calorific Value (CV) 6 Vo2, where CV is 3.815+1.232 6 25331948 RER [19]. Data for the 24-h monitoring period was averaged for 1-h intervals for RER and energy expenditure (kcal/h). Ambulatory activity was recorded with an OPTO-M3 infrared beam sensor system (Columbus Instruments, Columbus, OH). The senor beams were aligned on both x and y-axes directions. Data was collected at 1 min intervals at the same time as the indirect calorimetry measurements. The recording of ambulatory activity (locomotion) only counts the broken beam when a consecutive adjacent beam is broken, and does not include the same beam being broken repeatedly [20]. The total counts of x and y-axes for every 1-h interval from individual mouse were used for analysis of ambulatory activity.Measurement of Body CompositionWhole body fat mass and lean mass were measured in MIC-12/ and control mice at 12?4 weeks of age. Animals were subjected to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA; PIXImus2 mouse densitometer; GE Health-care, Waukesha, WI) after anesthetized with isoflurane. The head and the tail were excluded from all the measurements.Tissue CollectionUpon completion of metabolic and body composition measurements, mice at 14?6 weeks of age were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Muscles (gastrocnemius and tibialis.