In this work 10236-47-2 chemical information declared that E. coli infection inhibited eosinophil inflammation probably partly via shifting to a Th1 from a Th2 immune response to the OVA allergen. In this experiment, we discriminated Th1/ Th2 subsets based on the expression of Th2 cytokines IL-4, Th2like immune responses of OVA-specific IgE, as well as Th1 cytokines IFN-c and IL-2, which were assayed accurately by ELISA. Our work showed that levels of IL-4 and OVA-specific IgE in AAD model group were significantly increased, thus clarifying that allergic inflammation was mediated by the Th2 immune response. However, E. coli infection before AAD phase suppressed Th2 cytokines IL-4 and serum IgE production, but in contrast enhanced Th1 cytokines IFN-c and IL-2 production,Escherichia coli on Allergic Airway InflammationFigure 6. The changes of serum OVA-specific IgE levels. OVAspecific IgE levels were apparently higher in AAD model group than that in the control group. However, the levels in E. coli infected mice were significantly inhibited, especially in the (108infN+OVA) group. Bars indicate the mean secretion ng/ml 6 SEM, n = 8,10. *p,0.05, **p,0.01 as conducted. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059174.gMoreover, this effects were more significantly in the (108infN+OVA) group than the (106infN+OVA) and (108infA+OVA) group. Similar to our study, mounting previous reports [5?] have confirmed that AAD was an aberrant Th2 cytokine mediatedimmune response, and Th2 cytokines induced eosinophil inflammation. In terms of immune responses, Th1 and Th2 cytokines are mutually antagonistic [40]. Selective up-regulation of a Th1 and down-regulation of a Th2 immune response might be crucial for the prevention of allergic airway inflammation [41], although the present study could not be fully explained the exact mechanism of the skewing from a Th2 to a Th1 response, which was also the limitations of our study. Another potential mechanism was also observed in our study. We found that percentages of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs in CD4+ PTLN cells were significantly elevated by E. coli infection, along with the enhanced IL-10 secretion. Further more, conspicuous AKT inhibitor 2 custom synthesis differences were also observed in numbers of IL-10-secreting Tregs among the three E. coli infection groups. These data were consistent with previous studies [35,42,43] in which Tregs were conferred to expand in the draining lymph nodes before moving to the inflammatory site and to play an immunosuppressive role in the protection against allergic disorders. 15755315 Notably, IL-10 is an immunosuppressive cytokine that may be released mainly by Tregs to mediate suppression, and also a pleiotropic cytokine released by Th1 and Th2 cells as well in AAD [31,35,41]. Further investigations are underway to further characterize the role of IL10-secreting Tregs and to elucidate other possible mechanisms of E. coli-mediated suppression of AAD. Interestingly, detectable differences were observed on the efficacy of the three means of E. coli administration, including the frequency of nasal rubbing and sneezing, numbers of inflammation cells, serum levels of OVA-specific IgE, production of Th1 and Th2 cytokines, as well as numbers of accumulated Tregs. E. coli infection in the (108infN+OVA) group, which was administrated in a neonatal age and an optimal dose, showedFigure 7. The changes of cytokines IL-4, IL-10, IFN-c and IL-2 in NALF (A) and BALF (B). As shown above, administration of E. coli exhibited significant inhibition of levels of Th2 cytokines IL-4. Inte.In this work declared that E. coli infection inhibited eosinophil inflammation probably partly via shifting to a Th1 from a Th2 immune response to the OVA allergen. In this experiment, we discriminated Th1/ Th2 subsets based on the expression of Th2 cytokines IL-4, Th2like immune responses of OVA-specific IgE, as well as Th1 cytokines IFN-c and IL-2, which were assayed accurately by ELISA. Our work showed that levels of IL-4 and OVA-specific IgE in AAD model group were significantly increased, thus clarifying that allergic inflammation was mediated by the Th2 immune response. However, E. coli infection before AAD phase suppressed Th2 cytokines IL-4 and serum IgE production, but in contrast enhanced Th1 cytokines IFN-c and IL-2 production,Escherichia coli on Allergic Airway InflammationFigure 6. The changes of serum OVA-specific IgE levels. OVAspecific IgE levels were apparently higher in AAD model group than that in the control group. However, the levels in E. coli infected mice were significantly inhibited, especially in the (108infN+OVA) group. Bars indicate the mean secretion ng/ml 6 SEM, n = 8,10. *p,0.05, **p,0.01 as conducted. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059174.gMoreover, this effects were more significantly in the (108infN+OVA) group than the (106infN+OVA) and (108infA+OVA) group. Similar to our study, mounting previous reports [5?] have confirmed that AAD was an aberrant Th2 cytokine mediatedimmune response, and Th2 cytokines induced eosinophil inflammation. In terms of immune responses, Th1 and Th2 cytokines are mutually antagonistic [40]. Selective up-regulation of a Th1 and down-regulation of a Th2 immune response might be crucial for the prevention of allergic airway inflammation [41], although the present study could not be fully explained the exact mechanism of the skewing from a Th2 to a Th1 response, which was also the limitations of our study. Another potential mechanism was also observed in our study. We found that percentages of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs in CD4+ PTLN cells were significantly elevated by E. coli infection, along with the enhanced IL-10 secretion. Further more, conspicuous differences were also observed in numbers of IL-10-secreting Tregs among the three E. coli infection groups. These data were consistent with previous studies [35,42,43] in which Tregs were conferred to expand in the draining lymph nodes before moving to the inflammatory site and to play an immunosuppressive role in the protection against allergic disorders. 15755315 Notably, IL-10 is an immunosuppressive cytokine that may be released mainly by Tregs to mediate suppression, and also a pleiotropic cytokine released by Th1 and Th2 cells as well in AAD [31,35,41]. Further investigations are underway to further characterize the role of IL10-secreting Tregs and to elucidate other possible mechanisms of E. coli-mediated suppression of AAD. Interestingly, detectable differences were observed on the efficacy of the three means of E. coli administration, including the frequency of nasal rubbing and sneezing, numbers of inflammation cells, serum levels of OVA-specific IgE, production of Th1 and Th2 cytokines, as well as numbers of accumulated Tregs. E. coli infection in the (108infN+OVA) group, which was administrated in a neonatal age and an optimal dose, showedFigure 7. The changes of cytokines IL-4, IL-10, IFN-c and IL-2 in NALF (A) and BALF (B). As shown above, administration of E. coli exhibited significant inhibition of levels of Th2 cytokines IL-4. Inte.